Table 1.
Weighted population estimates for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics by pattern of mobile health use for health and behavioral tracking; HINTS 5, Cycle 1, 2017 and Cycle 2, 2018 (N=6789).
| Characteristics | Nonowners and nonusers (n=1832; 34.72%) | Nontrackers (n=508; 8.8%) | Device trackers (n=840; 12.9%) | App trackers (n=882; 19.5%) | Supertrackers (n=1287; 24.05%) | Chi-square (df) | P value | |
| Gender, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
21.6 (4) | <.001 | |
|
|
Male | 733 (51.90) | 192 (46.4) | 381 (58.0) | 298 (46.2) | 445 (41.93) | N/Aa | N/A |
| Female | 955 (48.10) | 290 (53.6) | 396 (42.0) | 542 (53.8) | 776 (58.07) | N/A | N/A | |
| Age (years), n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
222.5 (12) | <.001 | |
|
|
18-34 | 180 (21.25) | 61 (22.6) | 42 (12.0) | 244 (42.1) | 216 (27.56) | N/A | N/A |
| 35-49 | 355 (28.47) | 117 (29.4) | 96 (22.1) | 267 (33.1) | 390 (33.67) | N/A | N/A | |
| 50-64 | 645 (33.36) | 183 (33.5) | 289 (37.9) | 255 (19.9) | 458 (30.76) | N/A | N/A | |
| ≥65 | 583 (16.92) | 133 (14.5) | 388 (28.0) | 101 (4.9) | 203 (8.01) | N/A | N/A | |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) |
|
|
|
29.3 (12) | .004 | |||
|
|
White, non-Hispanic | 1,046 (64.50) | 315 (70.7) | 538 (75.0) | 487 (60.9) | 756 (63.92) | N/A | N/A |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 204 (9.91) | 60 (10.5) | 87 (6.9) | 130 (10.5) | 182 (11.60) | N/A | N/A | |
| Hispanic | 272 (17.72) | 52 (12.9) | 83 (11.0) | 148 (19.1) | 155 (13.69) | N/A | N/A | |
| Other | 142 (7.87) | 45 (5.9) | 62 (7.1) | 72 (9.5) | 123 (10.79) | N/A | N/A | |
| Education, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
109.9 (8) | <.001 | |
|
|
High school graduate or less | 514 (35.42) | 84 (28.5) | 170 (26.3) | 150 (21.2) | 148 (16.37) | N/A | N/A |
| Technical, vocational, or some college | 566 (38.31) | 150 (30.9) | 284 (43.2) | 259 (38.5) | 337 (36.84) | N/A | N/A | |
| College graduate or postgraduate | 705 (26.27) | 266 (40.6) | 369 (30.5) | 466 (40.3) | 791 (46.79) | N/A | N/A | |
| Income in US $, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
106.5 (12) | <.001 | |
|
|
<20,000 | 360 (19.04) | 45 (9.4) | 109 (12.0) | 125 (14.9) | 104 (10.23) | N/A | N/A |
| 20,000-49,999 | 530 (29.04) | 111 (18.6) | 242 (27.4) | 223 (27.7) | 214 (14.91) | N/A | N/A | |
| 50,000-74,999 | 342 (20.76) | 100 (19.1) | 159 (19.4) | 160 (16.9) | 243 (19.93) | N/A | N/A | |
| ≥75,000 | 566 (31.16) | 245 (52.9) | 316 (41.2) | 367 (40.5) | 712 (54.93) | N/A | N/A | |
| Geographical area, n (%) |
|
|
|
15.4 (4) | .004 | |||
|
|
Urban | 1569 (85.83) | 460 (90.2) | 709 (82.4) | 782 (87.8) | 1,170 (90.39) | N/A | N/A |
| Rural | 263 (14.17) | 48 (9.8) | 131 (17.6) | 100 (12.2) | 117 (9.61) | N/A | N/A | |
| Perceived health status, n (%) |
|
|
47.4 (12) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Poor or fair | 281 (14.70) | 58 (8.2) | 179 (21.5) | 102 (11.7) | 141 (9.89) | N/A | N/A |
| Good | 643 (35.14) | 170 (36.5) | 315 (38.8) | 257 (31.2) | 399 (30.42) | N/A | N/A | |
| Very good | 672 (36.92) | 206 (41.9) | 267 (30.7) | 371 (37.4) | 551 (45.23) | N/A | N/A | |
| Excellent | 219 (13.24) | 70 (13.4) | 70 (9.0) | 145 (19.7) | 189 (14.46) | N/A | N/A | |
| Health self-efficacy, n (%) |
|
|
19.4 (12) | .08 | ||||
|
|
A little confident or not confident at all | 89 (5.11) | 15 (2.7) | 51 (8.3) | 22 (3.2) | 35 (3.50) | N/A | N/A |
| Somewhat confident | 442 (26.83) | 112 (25.5) | 221 (26.3) | 174 (20.1) | 276 (23.31) | N/A | N/A | |
| Very confident | 845 (44.51) | 237 (46.5) | 383 (45.2) | 412 (44.9) | 634 (48.53) | N/A | N/A | |
| Completely confident | 440 (23.55) | 138 (25.3) | 178 (20.2) | 268 (31.8) | 337 (24.66) | N/A | N/A | |
| Health information seeker, n (%) |
|
66.15 (4) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Yes | 1,369 (76.76) | 438 (84.2) | 712 (82.8) | 757 (85.1) | 1,191 (92.43) | N/A | N/A |
| No | 439 (23.24) | 59 (15.8) | 118 (17.2) | 118 (14.9) | 84 (7.57) | N/A | N/A | |
| BMI, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
19.5 (8) | .01 | |
|
|
Normal (18.5-24.9) | 565 (33.11) | 195 (41.1) | 202 (26.6) | 286 (35.1) | 344 (28.19) | N/A | N/A |
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 610 (33.61) | 152 (30.2) | 298 (31.9) | 301 (34.6) | 451 (36.19) | N/A | N/A | |
| Obese (≥30) | 561 (33.28) | 145 (28.7) | 304 (41.5) | 269 (30.3) | 452 (35.62) | N/A | N/A | |
| One or more chronic conditions, n (%) | 104.0 (4) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
Yes | 848 (35.71) | 213 (34.6) | 609 (65.6) | 277 (26.5) | 594 (39.09) | N/A | N/A |
| No | 984 (64.29) | 295 (65.4) | 231 (34.4) | 605 (73.5) | 693 (60.91) | N/A | N/A | |
aN/A: not applicable.