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. 2020 May 29;21:376. doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-6764-0

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© The Author(s). 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Life history characteristics of two aphid parasitoids. a Generalized life cycle of Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum, two parasitoid wasp species that infect aphid hosts. Figure by Alice Dennis. b Life history characteristics of the two species. c Phylogenetic relationships of the Ichneumonoidea species listed in Table 2, rooted with Nasonia vitripennis (Chalcidoidea). Average divergence times between major groups and phylogenetic relationships have been modified, after Supplemental Figure S1 in [9, 11], Ichneumon cf. albiger is also included to better match dating available from [11]. The subfamily for each species is given after the species name