. 2020 May 27:171–222. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818480-6.00007-2

Table 7.1.

Select agents and toxins of concern as potential biothreats.

Agent	Disease
Current Tier 1 agents^a
^ABacillus anthracis and B. cereus biovar anthracis	Anthrax
^AYersinia pestis	Plague
^AFrancisella tularensis	Tularemia
^BBurkholderia mallei	Glanders
^BBurkholderia pseudomallei	Melioidosis
^AClostridium botulinum toxin, and Clostridium spp. producing the toxin	Botulism
^AEbola virus	Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever
^AMarburg virus	Marburg virus hemorrhagic fever
^AVariola major and Variola minor	Smallpox
Other agents of concern^b
^BBrucella spp.	Brucellosis
^BCoxiella burnetii	Q fever
^BRickettsia prowazekii	Typhus fever
^CSARS- and MERS-associated coronaviruses	Severe acute respiratory distress
^CNipah and Hendra viruses	Viral encephalitis and respiratory disease
^ARift Valley fever virus	Rift Valley fever
^BVenezuelan equine encephalitis virus	Encephalitis and fever
^ALassa virus	Lassa fever
^ASouth American hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses (Junin, Machupo, Guanarito, Sabia, and Chapare)	Hemorrhagic fever
^ACrimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus	Hemorrhagic fever

^{A, B, C} Denote additional categorization into Category A, B, and C pathogens, per NIAID [5].

Tier 1 agents of human pathogenicity are presented [4]. Two more Tier 1 agents are rinderpest virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, which are of agricultural concern (not covered in this chapter).

Important non-Tier 1 agents for which countermeasures are described in this chapter [4], [5]. See www.selectagents.gov for a comprehensive list of non-Tier 1 Select Agents and Toxins.SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus.