Table 7.7.

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms for biothreat bacterial pathogens.

Antibiotics	Intrinsic and targeted resistance genes or proteins	References
Bacillus anthracis
β Lactams	bla1 (penicillinase), bla2 (cephalosporinase)	[177]
Folate synthesis (trimethoprim)	Intrinsic dihydrofolate reductase resistance	[178]
Macrolides	ermJ	[179]
Quinolones	gyrAa, gyrB, glrA, glrB, parC, and/or parE genes	[180], [181]
Brucella spp.
β Lactams	RND-type efflux pumps	[182]
Polymyxin	Phospholipase A1 esterase	[183]
Quinolones	gyrAa, gyrB, pare, and RND-type efflux pumps	[182], [184], [185]
Tetracyclines	RND-type efflux pumps	[182]
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Aminoglycosides	RND-type efflux pumps, S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase, amrR	[186], [187]
β Lactams	penAa, nlpD1, dacC, FlgN, sch, TR70_0856, TR70_1911, ftsI, amrR, bpeR, bpeT, spoT, tRNA, rRNA, proteins with unknown function, SerS seryl-tRNA synthetase, and RND efflux pump AmrAB-OprA, and BpeEF-OprC	[186], [188], [189], [190], [191], [192]
Macrolides	AmrAB-OprA efflux pump	[193]
Quinolones	AmrAB-OprA efflux pump, BpeAB-OprB efflux pump	[194]
Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim	RND BpeEF-OprC efflux pump, LysR-type regulator BpeT BpeS, Ptr1, FolA, AmrR TetR-type regulator, AmrAB-OprA, metF	[186], [195]
Coxiella burnetii
Quinolones	gyrAa	[196]
Tetracyclines	Putative protein secretion targets, biosynthesis of pantothenate and coenzyme A, aspartate biosynthesis, DNA replication	[197]
Francisella tularensis
β Lactams	blaB1	[198]
Chloramphenicol	23S rRNA, the L4 and L22 ribosomal proteins, and overexpression of efflux pumps	[199]
Quinolones	gyrAa and gyrB	[200]
Yersinia pestis
Aminoglycosides	AcrAB-TolC efflux pump	[174]
Macrolides	AcrAB-TolC efflux pump	[174]
Quinolones	gyrAa, gyrB, and parC	[201]
Rifampin	AcrAB-TolC efflux pump	[174]

^aTarget of antibiotic.