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. 2020 May 29:1035–1058. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816768-7.00049-1

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Fig. 49.2 — General concepts and properties of polarized macrophages.

Classically activated macrophages (M1) are induced through LPS and/or microbial product stimulation. Their inflammatory repertoire is characterized by the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and the release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. In contrast, alternative activation of macrophages (M2) covers a continuum of functional states classified as M2a, induced by IL-4/IL-13; M2b, induced by immune complexes and TLR agonists; and M2c, induced by IL-10 and glucocorticoid hormones.

From Labonte AC, Tosello-Trampont AC, Hahn YS. The role of macrophage polarization in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Mol Cells. 2014 Apr 30; 37(4): 275–285.