Figure 1.

Orosomucoid-like 3 (ORMDL3) and human rhinovirus infection. Rhinovirus (RV) uses ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) receptor for cellular entry. RV then replicates by modifying the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi complex. ORMDL3 can enhance RV entry by upregulating ICAM-1 expression in cells. Viral replication also initiates cell inflammatory response, leading to the generation of cytokines, resulting in further ICAM-1 expression for more viral attachments. ORMDL3 also regulates ER stress, ceramide, and sphingosine 1-sulfate (S1P) levels that regulate cytokine release as well as viral replication.