Figure 1.

Rhinovirus-A16 (RV-A16) colocalizes with ORMDL3 (orosomucoid-like 3) and increases mRNA expression of ORMDL3, unfolded protein response (UPR) target genes, and type I IFN. (A) HeLa-H1 cells were infected with RV-A16 for 48 hours and then lysed in TRIzol. RNA was reverse transcribed and gene expression analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) with normalization to 18S rRNA. Bars depict averages of independent experiments, with error bars denoting SEM. (N = 3–6 independent experiments for individual genes). NI = no infection. (B) HeLa-H1 cells were infected with RV-A16 for 48 hours and then fixed. The cells were costained with anti-ORMDL3 (green), anti–RV-A (red), and anti–β-actin (purple) antibodies, and nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bars: 10 μm. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.005, and ****P ≤ 0.001. DDIT3 = DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (CHOP); HSPA5 = heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 (BiP); XBP1 = X-box binding protein 1.