Figure 5.

UPR induced by low-dose tunicamycin (Tm) inhibits RV replication. (A) HeLa-E8 cells were pretreated with vehicle or 0.5 μg/ml or 1 μg/ml Tm 1 hour before 48-hour infection with RV-A16 (black bars) or RV-C15 (gray bars). qPCR results were normalized to vehicle-treated controls. N = 5 for RV-A infections and N = 3 for RV-C. (B) HeLa-E8 cells were pretreated with 0.5 mg/ml or 1 mg/ml tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) 1 hour before infection and analyzed as in A; N = 4. (C) Samples from A and B were assessed for IFN-β (IFNB1) by qPCR; N = 3. (D) HeLa-E8 cells transfected with control (C-Si) or ORMDL3 siRNA (ORMDL3i) were infected with RV-A16 for 48 hours before RNA harvest. IFN-β (IFNB1) and UPR target genes (HSPA5/BiP, DDIT3/CHOP) were assessed by qPCR with normalization to 18S rRNA. N = 3 experiments. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.005, and ****P ≤ 0.001.