Table 2a:
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with opioid withdrawal symptoms among regular opioid using people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, 2016–2017 (n=814).
| Characteristic | Yes, withdrawal in the last 6 months N (%) | No, withdrawal in the last 6 months N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Race | ||
| White | 296 (89%) | 35 (11%) |
| Non-white | 396 (82%) | 87 (18%) |
| Age (years) | ||
| <30 | 145 (88%) | 19 (12%) |
| 30–39 | 188 (91%) | 18 (9%) |
| 40–49 | 168 (87%) | 25 (13%) |
| ≥50 | 191 (76%) | 60 (24%) |
| Income source, last 6 months | ||
| SSI | 113 (79%) | 30 (21%) |
| Illegal or possibly illegal source | 321 (92%) | 30 (8%) |
| Panhandling | 203 (90%) | 22 (10%) |
| Injection drug use, last 30 days | ||
| Powder cocaine | 125 (94%) | 8 (6%) |
| Non-injection drug use in the last 30 days | ||
| Tranquilizer prescription medication | 239 (92%) | 22 (8%) |
| Buprenorphine | 64 (96%) | 3 (4%) |
| Injection frequency, last 30 days | ||
| Less than once a day | 49 (71%) | 20 (29%) |
| Once or twice a day | 189 (82%) | 42 (18%) |
| Three times or more a day | 454 (88%) | 60 (12%) |
| Total drug use frequency, last 30 days | ||
| Less than once a day (<30 times) | 7 (50%) | 7 (50%) |
| Once or twice a day (30–89 times) | 121 (85%) | 22 (15%) |
| Three times or more a day (≥90 times) | 564 (86%) | 93 (14%) |
P<0.05 are noted in BOLD: P<0.001 are noted in ITALICS