Table 2b:
Bivariate factors associated with opioid withdrawal frequency and pain severity in the last 6 months among regular opioid using people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, 2016–2017.
| Variable | Opioid withdrawal < Monthly (n=250) n (%) | Opioid withdrawal Monthly (n=200) n (%) | Opioid withdrawal Weekly (n=242) n (%) | Extremely or very painful (N=391) n (%) | Moderately or not painful (N=299) n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 182 (35%) | 153 (30%) | 180 (35%) | 279 (54%) | 234 (46%) |
| Female | 64 (38%) | 43 (26%) | 60 (36%) | 106 (64%) | 61 (36%) |
| Age | |||||
| <30 | 39 (27%) | 44 (30%) | 62(43%) | 86 (59%) | 60 (41%) |
| 30–39 | 52 (28%) | 58 (31%) | 78 (42%) | 105 (56%) | 83 (44%) |
| 40–49 | 57 (34%) | 41 (24%) | 70 (42%) | 86 (52%) | 80 (48%) |
| 50 or older | 102 (53%) | 57 (30%) | 32 (17%) | 115 (60%) | 76 (40%) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 80 (27%) | 88 (30%) | 128 (43%) | 153 (52%) | 142 (48%) |
| Latinx | 65 (40%) | 45 (27%) | 54 (33%) | 92 (56%) | 72 (44%) |
| African American | 72 (52%) | 36 (26%) | 30 (22%) | 88 (64%) | 50 (36%) |
| Native American | 15 (33%) | 13 (29%) | 17 (38%) | 34 (55%) | 20 (45%) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 2 (33%) | 4 (67%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (67%) | 2 (33%) |
| Mixed Race/Other | 16 (37%) | 14 (33%) | 13 (30%) | 30 (70%) | 13 (30%) |
| Income source | |||||
| SSI or retirement | 58 (51%) | 25 (22%) | 30 (27%) | 24 (67%) | 12 (33%) |
| Recycling income | 64 (42%) | 50 (32%) | 40 (26%) | 87 (56%) | 67 (44%) |
| Illegal or possibly illegal source | 98 (30%) | 102 (32%) | 121 (38%) | 178 (56%) | 142 (44%) |
| Years of injection | |||||
| <10 years | 65 (31%) | 58 (28%) | 86 (41%) | 25 (52%) | 23 (48%) |
| 10–19 years | 42 (26%) | 61 (38%) | 59 (36%) | 102 (54%) | 87 (46%) |
| 20 or more | 142 (44%) | 81 (25%) | 97 (30%) | 264 (58%) | 189 (42%) |
| Injection drug use, last 30 days | |||||
| Methamphetamine | 118 (30%) | 117 (30%) | 162 (41%) | 227 (57%) | 169 (43%) |
| Non-injection drug use, last 30 days | |||||
| Crack | 106 (35%) | 92 (30%) | 105 (35%) | 159 (53%) | 144 (48%) |
| Tranquilizer | 72 (30%) | 70 (29%) | 97 (41%) | 138 (58%) | 100 (42%) |
| Methadone | 50 (41%) | 37 (30%) | 35 (29%) | 80 (66%) | 41 (34%) |
| Total methamphetamine use, last 30 days | |||||
| <30 | 156 (42%) | 107 (29%) | 108 (29%) | 208 (56%) | 162 (44%) |
| 30–89 | 49 (31%) | 49 (31%) | 62 (39%) | 83 (52%) | 77 (48%) |
| 90 or more | 45 (28%) | 44 (27%) | 72 (45%) | 100 (63%) | 60 (38%) |
| Injection frequency | |||||
| <30 | 29 (59%) | 11 (22%) | 9 (18%) | 25 (52%) | 23 (48%) |
| 30–89 | 75 (40%) | 63 (33%) | 51 (27%) | 102 (54%) | 87 (46%) |
| 90 or more | 146 (32%) | 126 (28%) | 182 (40%) | 264 (58%) | 189 (42%) |
P<0.05 are noted in BOLD: P<0.001 are noted in ITALICS