Table 4.

A comparison of functional influence of three different muscle–tendon models: No compliance No Shift (NCNS), Compliance but No Shift (CNS), and Compliance and Shift (CS)

	Hip T/M ratio: 0.71							Ankle T/M ratio 8.46
	Max values				Standing 50°			Max values				Standing 98°
	Force		Moment		nFL	F (N)	M (Nm)	Force		Moment		nFL	F (N)	M (Nm)
	Mag	°	Mag	°				Mag	°	Mag	°
NCNS	65.8	50	0.67	24	0.97	65.8	0.52	75.2	64	0.65	68	1.21	60.2	0.53
CNS	62.1	56	0.62	20	0.95	62.0	0.44	77.4	90	0.67	88	1.06	76.3	0.65
CS	61.4	72	0.58	28	0.95	59.8	0.48	78.2	100	0.66	96	1.05	78.1	0.60

For each model, the joint angle (°) and magnitude (Mag) at maximum force and moment across all joint angles at the hip (low compliance) and the ankle (high compliance) are provided. This can be compared with total force (F) and moment (M) at each joint in a standing posture. The average normalized fiber length (nFL) of muscles acting at each joint in each condition highlights the influence of the different muscle models on operating length. Compliance and shifts in L0 decrease the force and torque capacity at the hip while increasing them at the ankle.