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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2020 Feb 22;34(3):233–236. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12658

Figure.

Figure

The potential for bias in studies of prenatal acetaminophen exposure and child neurodevelopment, including (A) the possible magnitude and direction of these biases, and (B) a directed acyclic graph depicting sources of bias (measurement error, confounding, loss to follow-up) as well as the true causal effect of exposure on outcome.