Table 5. Comparison of birth outcomes by treatment group1.
| All participants (n = 317)2 | PC-T (n = 101) | MG-T (n = 110) | RPC (n = 106) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, % | 46.1 | 48.5 | 46.4 | 43.4 | 0.76 |
| Birth weight (hospital), g | 3006 [367] | 2983 [345] | 2991 [421] | 3043 [326] | 0.44 |
| Birth weight (study staff), g | 2972 [349] | 2938 [292] | 2951 [395] | 3021 [346] | 0.33 |
| Low birth weight (hospital) (< 2500 g), % | 3.2 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 0.17 |
| Low birth weight (study staff) (< 2500 g), % | 8.0 | 6.7 | 11.6 | 5.6 | 0.39 |
| Birth length, cm | 49.1 [1.8] | 49.0 [1.6] | 48.9 [2.2] | 49.2 [1.5] | 0.68 |
| Infant MUAC, cm | 10.3 [1.0] | 10.2 [1.0] | 10.3 [1.1] | 10.3 [0.8] | 0.74 |
| Infant head circumference, cm | 33.9 [1.6] | 33.6 [1.6] | 33.6 [1.4] | 34.4 [1.6] | 0.01 |
| Preterm birth, %4 | 10.6 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 5.7 | 0.17 |
| Gestational age, wk | 39.1 [2.0] | 39.0 [2.0] | 38.9 [2.1] | 39.5 [1.9] | 0.14 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg5 | 7.4 [3.6] | 7.6 [3.4] | 7.5 [3.0] | 7.3 [4.2] | 0.94 |
| Weight small for gestational age, % | 16.1 | 13.7 | 20.7 | 13.8 | 0.38 |
| Weight gain between 16 and 32 weeks, kg/week | 0.40 [0.16] | 0.41 [0.15] | 0.38 [0.14] | 0.42 [0.18] | 0.36 |
1 Values are means [SD], or percentages. Sample sizes for each variable vary slightly because of item-specific missing data. PC-T, food supplement from pre-pregnancy to term, MG-T, food supplement from mid-pregnancy to term, RPC, routine perinatal care
2 Sample smaller than 317 (up to n = 199) for measurements completed by study staff.
3 The ANOVA test was used to compare the means of the three treatment groups, and chi-square test was used to compare the percentage differences among the three groups. None of the comparisons are statistically significant under the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to maintain an overall false discovery rate ≤5%.
4 Pre-term birth was defined as a birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy.
5 Gestational weight gain was the weight gained during the first 32 weeks of pregnancy.