Table 1.

Causes of anemia related to liver disease

Cause of anemia related to liver disease	References
1. Gastrointestinal bleeding
a. Esophageal varices, gastric varices, gastric vascular ectasia, etc	[1, 3]
b. Thrombocytopenia, coagulation disorder	[2]
2. Hemolysis
a. Hypersplenism secondary to portal hypertension	[5]
b. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with autoimmune hepatitis	[6]
c. Wilson’s disease with increased non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper	[7]
d. Zieve's syndrome, spur cell anemia	[8, 9]
3. Aplastic anemia associated with hepatitis	[10]
4. Alcohol
a. Bone marrow toxicity	[11]
b. Malnutrition (e.g. folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency)	[11]