Skip to main content
. 2020 May 29;15(5):e0233898. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233898

Fig 1. Directed acyclic graph of the potential relationships between cardiovascular disease and resting heart rate.

Fig 1

BMI: Body mass index; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease; RHR: Resting heart rate. In this model: RHR = exposure and CVD mortality = outcome; Unshaded circles represent true confounders, all controlled for in fully adjusted model.