Table 3. Cox proportional hazard models and sub-distribution hazard models for all RHR-outcome relationships†.
| Model 1: Univariate | Model 2: Age | Model 3: Age, smoking, exercise, BMI | Model 4: Model 3 + CVD risk factors* | Model 5: Model 4 + rate modifying medications** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Men | 1.25 (1.24 to 1.27) | 1.26 (1.24 to 1.28) | 1.21 (1.19 to 1.23) | 1.19 (1.17 to 1.21) | 1.22 (1.20 to 1.24) |
| p-value | 2.5 ×10−228 | 6.7 ×10−246 | 5.2 ×10−122 | 7.9 ×10−95 | 3.0 ×10−123 |
| Women | 1.25 (1.23 to 1.28) | 1.22 (1.20 to 1.25) | 1.16 (1.14 to 1.19) | 1.15 (1.13 to 1.18) | 1.19 (1.16 to 1.22) |
| p-value | 7.2 ×10−119 | 1.2 ×10−98 | 2.6 ×10−35 | 4.4 ×10−32 | 8.9 ×10−45 |
| CVD mortality | |||||
| Men | 1.21 (1.18 to 1.25) | 1.22 (1.18 to 1.25) | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.14) | 1.17 (1.13 to 1.21) |
| p-value | 4.6 ×10−37 | 4.0 ×10−41 | 1.9 ×10−12 | 6.0 ×10−8 | 5.6 ×10−18 |
| Women | 1.22 (1.16 to 1.29) | 1.19 (1.13 to 1.26) | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.17) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.22) |
| p-value | 5.6 ×10−13 | 9.2 ×10−11 | 0.028 | 0.042 | 0.00008 |
| IHD mortality | |||||
| Men | 1.18 (1.14 to 1.23) | 1.19 (1.14 to 1.23) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.19) |
| p-value | 4.0 ×10−17 | 5.1 ×10−19 | 0.0001 | 0.015 | 1.2 ×10−8 |
| Women | 1.19 (1.08 to 1.30) | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.12) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.10) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.18) |
| p-value | 0.0004 | 0.002 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.36 |
| Fatal AMI | |||||
| Men | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.23) | 1.17 (1.10 to 1.24) | 1.08(1.00 to 1.16) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.21) |
| p-value | 1.4 ×10−6 | 2.7 ×10−7 | 0.044 | 0.21 | 0.002 |
| Women | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.22) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.33) | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.04) | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.10) |
| p-value | 0.52 | 0.70 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.36 |
| Incident AMI | |||||
| Men | 1.09 (1.07 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.07 to 1.11) | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.06) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.04) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.07) |
| p-value | 1.1 ×10−15 | 6.7 ×10−16 | 0.007 | 0.36 | 0.0003 |
| Women | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.13) | 1.06 (1.02. to 1.11) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) |
| p-value | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.89 | 0.72 | 0.28 |
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| Men | 1.20 (1.18 to 1.23) | 1.21 (1.18 to 1.23) | 1.18 (1.16 to 1.21) | 1.17 (1.14 to 1.20) | 1.18 (1.15 to 1.21) |
| p-value | 9.9 ×10−75 | 7.9 ×10−83 | 1.6 ×10−48 | 1.8 ×10−42 | 5.2 ×10−46 |
| Women | 1.20 (1.17 to 1.23) | 1.17 (1.15 to 1.20) | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.18) | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.17) | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.18) |
| p-value | 6.8 ×10−48 | 6.4 ×10−39 | 2.9 ×10−17 | 1.7 ×10−16 | 3.1 ×10−18 |
†Results are hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality and sub-distribution hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all other outcomes per 10 beat per minute increase in resting heart rate. Significance level is p-value <0.0008. Those with prevalent MI have been excluded from analysis of incident AMI and fatal AMI.
* CVD risk factors include: diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, Townsend deprivation index.
**rate modifying medications include: betablockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, oral nitrates, digoxin, flecainide, amiodarone. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; IHD: ischaemic heart disease