Table 3.
Factors associated with COVID-19 illness severity in patients with cancer
|
Univariable logistic regression |
Multivariable logistic regression |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Age, years* | 1·04 (1·00–1·07) | 0·032 | 1·04 (1·00–1·07) | 0·034 | |
| ECOG performance status (per 1-point increase) | 2·32 (1·76–3·07) | <0·0001 | 2·80 (1·96–3·99) | <0·0001 | |
| Tumour stage†‡ | |||||
| I, II, or III | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| IV | 2·58 (1·07–6·23) | 0·035 | 2·60 (1·05–6·43) | 0·039 | |
| Antitumour treatments§ | |||||
| Surgery | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Chemotherapy or radiotherapy | 1·27 (0·85–1·89) | 0·25 | 1·28 (0·85–1·94) | 0·24 | |
| Targeted therapy or immunotherapy | 2·84 (1·12–7·22) | 0·028 | 3·29 (1·26–8·61) | 0·015 | |
| Cytokines and inflammatory factors | |||||
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 1·22 (1·04–1·43) | 0·015 | 1·22 (1·01–1·47) | 0·037 | |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1·03 (1·01–1·06) | 0·014 | 1·03 (1·00–1·05) | 0·019 | |
| IL-2R, U/mL | 1·00 (1·00–1·01) | 0·0081 | 1·00 (1·00–1·01) | 0·093 | |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 2·31 (1·26–3·60) | 0·0013 | 2·76 (1·25–3·93) | 0·0015 | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1·01 (1·00–1·02) | 0·022 | 1·01 (1·00–1·02) | 0·034 | |
| Lymphocytes | |||||
| Lymphocytes, % | 0·96 (0·93–0·99) | 0·0042 | 0·96 (0·93–0·99) | 0·020 | |
| Lymphocyte count per μL | 0·52 (0·30–0·89) | 0·017 | 0·56 (0·31–1·00) | 0·051 | |
| CD3-CD19+ B-cell count per μL | 0·98 (0·97–1·00) | 0·035 | 0·98 (0·96–1·00) | 0·11 | |
| CD4+ T cells, % | 0·89 (0·79–0·99) | 0·040 | 0·84 (0·71–0·98) | 0·031 | |
| CD3-CD16+CD56+ natural killer cells, % | 0·84 (0·72–0·98) | 0·024 | 0·85 (0·72–0·99) | 0·041 | |
| Haematological tests | |||||
| Leucocyte count, × 109/L | 1·12 (1·02–1·22) | 0·017 | 1·11 (1·01–1·22) | 0·029 | |
| Neutrophils, % | 1·06 (1·03–1·08) | <0·0001 | 1·06 (1·03–1·09) | 0·00017 | |
| Monocytes, % | 0·87 (0·80–0·96) | 0·0040 | 0·88 (0·79–0·98) | 0·023 | |
| Biochemical factors | |||||
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 1·00 (1·00–1·00) | 0·0040 | 1·00 (1·00–1·00) | 0·018 | |
| Albumin, g/L | 0·92 (0·87–0·97) | 0·0011 | 0·92 (0·87–0·98) | 0·0091 | |
| Albumin–globulin ratio | 0·20 (0·05–0·74) | 0·016 | 0·12 (0·02–0·77) | 0·024 | |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 1·64 (1·02–2·61) | 0·039 | 1·65 (1·03–2·78) | 0·032 | |
| Myoglobin, ng/mL | 1·01 (1·00–1·02) | 0·044 | 1·01 (1·00–1·03) | 0·050 | |
| hs-cTnI, pg/mL | 1·01 (1·00–1·02) | 0·046 | 1·01 (1·00–1·02) | 0·067 | |
| Coagulation function | |||||
| Platelet count, × 109/L | 1·00 (0·99–1·00) | 0·025 | 1·00 (0·99–1·00) | 0·070 | |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time, s | 1·08 (1·03–1·12) | 0·0011 | 1·12 (1·05–1·18) | 0·00016 | |
| Prothrombin time, s | 1·20 (1·04–1·40) | 0·011 | 1·25 (1·07–1·48) | 0·0062 | |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 1·13 (1·04–1·22) | 0·0029 | 1·12 (1·03–1·21) | 0·0074 | |
All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, tumour stage, cancer type, and antitumour treatment unless otherwise specified. OR=odds ratio. ECOG=Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor α. IL=interleukin. IL-2R=IL-2 receptor. CD=cluster of differentiation. NT-proBNP=N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. hs-cTnI=high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I.
Adjusted for sex, comorbidities, tumour stage, cancer type, and antitumour treatment.
Not including leukaemia (n=3) and multiple myeloma (n=3), due to different judgment standard of tumour stage.
Adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, cancer type, and antitumour treatment.
Adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, tumour stage, and cancer type.