Table 5.
Association of sociodemographic, clinical and hospital characteristics with mortality during infancy, among infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, California, 2006–2011.
| Characteristics: | Percent survived (number survived / total in stratum)I | Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for mortality | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for mortalityII |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal race-ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 69% (≤130/186) | Reference | Reference |
| US-born Hispanic | 64% (≤90/137) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
| Foreign-born Hispanic | 74% (≤125/167) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 61% (≤15/23) | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 73% (≤25/30) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) |
| Other | 59% (≤20/34) | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) |
| Maternal education | |||
| Less than high school completion | 67% (106/159) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
| Completed high school | 68% (103/152) | Reference | Reference |
| Greater than high school | 71% (188/266) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) |
| Census tract poverty | |||
| Lowest quartile | 68% (106/155) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
| Middle quartiles | 68% (187/277) | Reference | Reference |
| Highest quartile | 72% (104/145) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Payer | |||
| Medi-Cal/Other government | 70% (211/300) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| Non-government | 67% (186/277) | Reference | Reference |
| Maternal age | |||
| <20 | 57% (25/44) | ||
| 20–34 | 69% (285/415) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01)II | 1.0 (0.96–1.02)III |
| 35+ | 74% (87/118) | ||
| Parity (number of previous live births) | |||
| 0 | 67% (165/245) | Reference | Reference |
| 1 or more | 70% (232/332) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) |
| Initiation of prenatal care | |||
| 1st or 2nd trimester | 70% (≤395/563) | Reference | Reference |
| 3rd trimester or none | 21% (≤15/14) | 4.2 (2.3–7.8) | 3.0 (1.5–6.0) |
| Birthweight (gm): | |||
| <2500 | 46% (63/138) | 2.9 (2.2–3.9) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) |
| 2500 or more | 76% (334/439) | Reference | Reference |
| Presence of other birth defects:I | |||
| None | 75% (≤375/497) | Reference | Reference |
| Congenital heart defects | 22% (≤10/45) | 4.8 (3.3–7.0) | 2.9 (1.8–4.6) |
| Other | 40% (≤15/35) | 3.5 (2.2–5.6) | 3.1 (1.9–5.1) |
| 5-Minute Apgar score: | |||
| <7 | 46% (108/233) | 4.5 (3.3–6.2) | 4.1 (2.9–5.7) |
| 7 or higher | 84% (289/344) | Reference | Reference |
| Level of care of birth hospital: | |||
| Level I or II | 73% (107/146) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) |
| Level III or IV | 67% (290/431) | Reference | Reference |
| Transfer from birth hospital for repair: | |||
| Yes | 78% (280/357) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) |
| No | 53% (117/220) | Reference | Reference |
I.
For variables for which any categories have less than 15 observations, we provide estimates rounded up to the nearest unit of 5. Exact sample sizes are not provided due to an OSPHD requirement that cell sizes less than 15 not be specified.
II.
Adjusted hazard ratios are from a model that included 577 infants and all variables in the table.
III.
The hazard ratio for age is per one-year change in maternal age.