Table 1.
Participant profiles.
| Summer | Winter | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 46) | Men (n = 23) | Women (n = 23) | All (n = 46) | Men (n = 23) | Women (n = 23) | |
| Age (year) | 40.8 ± 8.2 | 40.1 ± 8.3 | 41.4 ± 8.3 | 41.4 ± 8.3* | 40.8 ± 8.3* | 42.0 ± 8.4* |
| Height (cm) | 167.2 ± 7.6 | 173.1 ± 4.7 | 161.3 ± 4.9† | 167.3 ± 7.7 | 173.3 ± 4.8 | 161.3 ± 4.9† |
| Body weight (kg) | 61.5 ± 10.8 | 67.9 ± 10.0 | 55.0 ± 7.1† | 61.8 ± 11.2 | 68.9 ± 10.0* | 54.7 ± 7.0† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 3.0 | 22.7 ± 3.4 | 21.1 ± 2.4 | 22.0 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.3* | 21.0 ± 2.4† |
| %BF (%) | 23.3 ± 8.0 | 18.4 ± 7.4 | 28.1 ± 5.2† | 24.3 ± 7.8* | 19.8 ± 7.2* | 28.8 ± 5.4† |
| VFA (cm2) | 45.7 ± 32.8 | 57.0 ± 42.1 | 34.9 ± 14.8 | 48.9 ± 35.5 | 62.9 ± 43.0* | 34.9 ± 17.9† |
| SBP (mmHg) | 106.4 ± 13.7 | 111.7 ± 11.5 | 101.1 ± 13.8† | 109.5 ± 15.1* | 114.4 ± 13.4 | 104.7 ± 15.4† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.0 ± 12.1 | 73.0 ± 12.1 | 65.0 ± 10.9† | 70.5 ± 12.7 | 73.2 ± 11.9 | 67.9 ± 13.2 |
| HR (bpm) | 69.0 ± 9.1 | 69.3 ± 7.9 | 68.7 ± 10.4 | 70.2 ± 10.2 | 71.3 ± 10.2 | 69.2 ± 10.3 |
| BAT-d (µM) | 63.3 ± 20.6 | 69.0 ± 24.7 | 57.6 ± 13.7 | 69.4 ± 20.9* | 70.8 ± 23.1 | 68.0 ± 18.8* |
Values are means ± SDs.
BMI body mass index, %BF percentage of body fat, VFA visceral fat area, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, BAT-d brown adipose tissue density.
*P < 0.05 summer versus winter; †P < 0.05 men versus women.