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. 2020 May 29;10:8793. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65626-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental Setup. 15 young adults (12 males, 3 females, mean ± SD age 23 ± 2.1 yrs, height 176 ± 7.3 cm, mass 76.4 ± 12.4 kg) walked at a total of nine combinations of three walking speeds and three foot stiffness conditions. Kinematic measurements, kinetic data, muscle activation on the left leg, and soleus ultrasound muscle imaging on the right leg were recorded in one session, while metabolic gas measurements (indirect calorimetry) were recorded in a separate visit to the research site.