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. 2020 May 29;10:8793. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65626-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gear ratio increases with speed and stiffness. Ankle-foot gear ratio are displayed across stance (A) as well as the peak (B) Peak gear ratio exhibited main effects of speed (p = 0.004) and stiffness conditions (p < 0.001). Peak gear ratio increased by 2.4% between slowest and fastest walking speeds, and increased by 20.8% between low and high foot stiffness conditions. Error bars signify s.d. between subjects.