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. 2020 May 29;10:8793. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65626-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Added foot stiffness shifts Soleus muscle Force-velocity operating region. Stance-averaged Soleus fascicle force data were plotted as a function of: (A) average fascicle shortening velocity during stance and (B) average fascicle length during stance. The peak Soleus fascicle force data were also plotted as a function of: (C) fascicle shortening velocity at the time of peak force, and (D) fascicle length at the time of peak force. Added foot stiffness was able to increase Soleus force output without added muscle activation (Fig. 6 and Supplementary Fig. 10), suggesting that the increased force was primarily due to a shift in the force-velocity operating region. Error bars signify s.d. between subjects.