Fig. 3. Converging findings across ENIGMA MDD studies.

Specific characteristics of brain structure are differentially affected by MDD (or vice versa) at different stages of life. a Alterations in hippocampal and amygdala volumes and shapes are observed in adolescent-onset MDD and lower cortical surface area in adolescents with MDD. b Cortical thickness alterations and white matter abnormalities are specifically associated with adult-onset MDD and older age in individuals with MDD and/or childhood maltreatment. *This association was independent of MDD diagnosis. MDD major depressive disorder, FA fractional anisotropy, RD radial diffusivity.