Fig. 4. Subcortical volume and cortical thickness alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and MDD.

Results from the ENIGMA major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder (BD) working groups suggest that there is considerable overlap in subcortical volume a and cortical thickness b alterations across these diagnostic groups. Most widespread effects and highest effect sizes were observed in SCZ (up to Cohen’s d 0.5), followed by BD (Cohen’s d 0.3), and with more local effects and lower effect sizes in MDD (Cohen’s d 0.15). Importantly, results displayed are based on case–control comparisons within each disorder separately and are not derived from direct comparisons between patient groups. Data were analyzed with the same harmonized methods across the disorders.