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. 2020 May 29;10:8802. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65782-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of kefir peptides on endothelial adhesion molecules. (A) Flow chart of the conditioned medium (oxLDL CM) collection from ox-LDL-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Conditioned medium from unstimulated THP-1 macrophages were used as a control (Ctrl CM). (B, C) Expression of adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, in HUVECs after 6 h incubation in oxLDL CM or Ctrl CM with or without kefir peptides (KPs, 100 μg/ml) were determined by flow cytometry. The histograms on the (B and C) right show the quantification data of three independent HUVECs samples of VCAM-1 or ICAM-1-antibody staining, respectively. (D) Western blot analysis of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 protein expressions. The histogram on the lower panel shows the quantitative densitometry data of the Western blot analysis determined by ImageJ. Quantitative mRNA expressions of VCAM-1 (E) and ICAM-1 (F) were performed by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Values were normalized to the β-actin gene and are expressed relative to the control (Ctrl) group. The statistical analysis was performed according to Duncan’s multiple-range method. The labels at the top of columns without the same letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).