Fig. 8.

In dopamine and norepinephrine neurons, AMPH initiates a common signaling cascade that results in the endocytosis of both EAAT3 and each neuron’s respective monoamine transporter. AMPH enters dopamine neurons through DAT and norepinephrine neurons through NET. Next, AMPH activates TAAR1 which leads to the calcium-dependent activation of RhoA. This small GTPase is responsible for mediating the endocytosis of EAAT3, DAT, and NET from the plasma membrane. However, CaMKII activity is also necessary for DAT and NET internalization