Table 3.
Means (M) and standard deviations (SD) or medians (Mdn) and ranges (RG) of questionnaire outcomes at the before intervention (T1), after intervention (T2), and six-month follow-up (T3) phases in the total sample and separately among the participants of the different interventions
| Questionnaires | Total sample (n = 59) | Group-based CBT-I (n = 20) | Self-help-based CBT-I (n = 19) | Sleep hygiene education (n = 20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISI, M (SD)a | ||||
| T1 | 14.0 (5.0) | 15.4 (5.0) | 13.6 (5.2) | 13.0 (4.8) |
| T2 | 10.7. (4.7) | 10.9 (5.4) | 10.7 (4.4) | 10.6 (4.7) |
| T3 | 10.8 (5.1) | 11.1 (5.7) | 10.7 (4.9) | 10.6 (5.0) |
| DBAS, M (SD)b | ||||
| T1 | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.5) | 6.0 (1.3) | 4.8 (1.7) |
| T2 | 4.8 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.4) | 5.0 (1.8) | 4.6 (1.7) |
| T3 | 4.8 (1.6) | 4.7 (1.8) | 5.2 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.7) |
| SMBM, M (SD)c | ||||
| T1 | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.9) |
| T2 | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.9) |
| T3 | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.5 (0.7) | 3.2 (1.0) |
| BDId, Mdn (RG)d | ||||
| T1 | 7 (0 − 24) | 9 (0 − 24) | 7 (1 − 15) | 6.5 (0 − 18) |
| T2 | 5 (0 − 21) | 7 (0 − 20) | 4 (0 − 17) | 5 (0 − 21) |
| T3 | 4 (0 − 23) | 4 (0 − 14) | 3 (0 − 17) | 5 (0 − 23) |
| PSWQ, Mdn (RG)e | ||||
| T1 | 40 (23 − 66) | 47.5 (23 − 66) | 40 (24 − 60) | 38.5 (26 − 63) |
| T2 | 35 (18 − 66) | 42.5 (18 − 66) | 34 (21 − 64) | 32 (23 − 64) |
| T3 | 36 (16 − 65) | 37 (16 − 63) | 38 (24 − 60) | 31 (22 − 65) |
| RAND-PCS, Mdn (RG)f | ||||
| T1 | 81.3 (40.0 − 100) | 75.6 (47.5 − 100) | 83.8 (50.6 − 100) | 81.6 (40.0 − 97.5) |
| T2 | 85.6 (33.6 − 100) | 79.7 (38.8 − 100) | 86.3 (45.0 − 97.5) | 82.2 (33.8 − 97.5) |
| T3 | 85.0 (30.6 −98.8) | 89.1 (30.6 − 98.8) | 81.9 (50.0 − 96.3) | 85.3 (40.6 − 97.5) |
| RAND-MCS, Mdn (RG)f | ||||
| T1 | 73.9 (19.6 − 94.3) | 70.8 (19.6 − 94.3) | 79.6 (42.3 − 92.8) | 74.9 (40.8 − 91.0) |
| T2 | 76.0 (37.7 − 96.5) | 73.8 (37.7 − 93.3) | 83.1 (59.9 − 96.5) | 77.8 (49.3 − 88.0) |
| T3 | 80.8 (37.7 − 100) | 75.4 (37.7 − 100) | 84.8 (52.7 − 92.8) | 81.1 (44.2 − 96.5) |
| CRS, Mdn (RG)g | ||||
| T2 | 4 (1 − 6) | 5 (1 − 6) | 5 (1 − 6) | 2 (1 − 5) |
| T3 | 3.5 (1 − 6) | 4 (1 − 6) | 4 (1 − 6) | 2 (1 − 4) |
aInsomnia Severity Index (scale 0 − 28)
bDysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (0 − 10)
cShirom-Melamed burnout measure (1 − 7)
dBeck depression inventory (0 − 63)
ePenn State Worry Questionnaire (16 − 80)
fRAND SF-36 (0 − 100): physical component summary (PCS), mental component summary (MCS)
gConsumer Reports Survey question concerning the global effectiveness of treatments to improve overall life situations and well-being [1(not at all)–7(decisive impact)]