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. 2020 May 30;10(7):1175–1191. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.009

Table 2.

Vaccine strategies of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

Vaccine strategy Process of production Result and reference
SARS-CoV MERS-CoV
Inactivated virus vaccines Virus particles are inactivated by physical or chemical methods
  • 1

    Induces S-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice (1:7393) and rabbit (1:2060), neutralizes pseudotyped SARS-CoV46.

  • 2

    Induces neutralizing antibodies in mice in ferret (1: 128–256), neutralizes SARS-CoV; reduces the virus titer in the respiratory tract, and provides protective immunity47.

 Induces S-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice (>1:103); neutralizes pseudotyped MERS-CoV48.
Live-attenuated virus vaccines Genomes are mutated by mutagenesis or targeted deletions
  • 1

    Induces SARS-CoV-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in 6-week-old mice (1:102‒103) and 12-month-old mice (1:102‒103), neutralizes SARS-CoV Urbani strain; elicits T-cell responses and protects all mice (6-week-old/12-month-old) against challenge with virulent virus54.

  • 2

    Induces SARS-CoV-specific antibody responses and T cell responses in BALB/c and hACE2 Tg mice; protects 60%–70% of mice against challenge with virulent virus55.

  • 3

    The TRN-rewired SARS-CoV is attenuated and protect against lethal SARS-CoV challenge56.

 rMERS-CoV-E generated by reverse genetics system is a replication-competent, propagation-defective virus57.
Nucleic acid-based vaccines Genetically engineered DNA/mRNA encode antigenic compounds Induces S-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in 80% subjects, neutralizes pseudotyped SARS-CoV; elicits T-cell responses in all subjects59.
  • 1

    Induces S-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice (>1:102), camels (1:600–700) and rhesus macaques (>1:102), neutralizes MERS-CoV strain (EMC/2012); elicits T-cell responses in rhesus macaques and protects 100% of rhesus macaques from viral challenge60.

  • 2

    Induces S1-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in 77% subjects, neutralizes MERS-CoV strain (EMC/2012); elicits T-cell responses in 64% subjects62.
Viral-vector vaccines Inserting foreign gene units into the viral genome by homologous recombination
  • 1

    Induces neutralizing antibodies in African green monkeys (≈1:16) immunized with BHPIV3-SARS-S vector vaccine, neutralizes SARS-CoV; protects all african green monkeys against challenge with virulent virus68.

  • 2

    Induces neutralizing antibodies in mice (1:160) immunized with RV-SARS-S vector vaccine; neutralizes SARS-CoV69.
  • 1

    Induces neutralizing antibodies in mice (1: 64–128) immunized with MVA-MERS-S vector vaccine, neutralizes MERS-CoV; elicit T-cell responses and reduces virus titers in the lung 71.

  • 2

    Induces S-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice (>1:103) immunized with Ad5/Ad41-MERS-S vector vaccine, neutralizes pseudotyped MERS-CoV; elicits T-cell responses71.

  • 3

    Induces S-specific IgG subtype antibody (IgG1 and IgG2a) and neutralizing antibodies in mice (>1:103) immunized with Ad5-MERS-S1 vector vaccine, neutralizes MERS-CoV strain (EMC/2012)72.

  • 4

    Induces S1-specific IgG subtype antibody (IgG1 and IgG2a) and neutralizing antibodies in mice (1:102‒103/1:103‒104) immunized with rAd5-S1/F/CD40 vaccine, neutralizes pseudotyped and live MERS-CoV73.
Virus-like particle (VLPs) vaccines Genes clone viral structural proteins into expression system
  • 1

    Induce neutralizing antibodies in mice (1: 200 ± 97.7), neutralizes SARS-CoV; reduces virus titers in the lung77.

  • 2

    Induce neutralizing antibodies in mice (1:875–1525), neutralizes SARS-CoV Urbani strain; reduces virus titers in the lung and protects all mice against challenge with virulent virus78.

 Induced RBD-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice (1: 320), neutralizes pseudotyped MERS-CoV; elicit T-cell responses79.
Subunit vaccines Antigenic components including immunogenic pathogen fragment without nucleic acid
  • 1

    Induce S-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice (1 : 4.0×103±3.5×102), neutralizes SARS-CoV BJ01 strain; protects 80% of the mice from the virus challenge80.

  • 2

    Induces RBD-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in mouse (1 : 5.8×104±4.9×103/1 : 1.0×103±2.4×102), neutralizes pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV; elicit T-cell responses and protects all mice against challenge with virulent virus81.

 Induced RBD-specific antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies in rhesus monkey (1:1600), neutralizes pseudotyped MERS-CoV; elicits T-cell responses and reduces virus titers84.