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Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models of end-expiration awake spontaneous ventilation without nasal flow (left), with 20 L/min of nasal high-flow (middle) and with 60 L/min of nasal high-flow (right). At 60 L/min there is near-total washout of carbon dioxide at the end of expiration which equates to presence of 100% oxygen through a flow vortex at the glottis. Images supplied courtesy of Fisher and Paykel Anaesthesia Research Group.
