Table 3. SCD Self-efficacy and Pain Interference.
| Covariate (No. missing from subgroup total) | SCD self-efficacy (n = 413) | Pain interference (n = 437) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | P value | |
| Gender (2) | ||||
| Male | 31.4 (8.1) | .21 | 57.3 (10.2) | <.001 |
| Female | 30.4 (7.3) | 60.6 (9.6) | ||
| Age, y (0) | 30.8 (7.7) | <.001 | 59.2 (9.9) | <.001 |
| Race (4) | ||||
| African American | 30.9 (7.7) | .22 | 59.0 (9.9) | .02 |
| Other | 27.0 (6.0) | 67.9 (4.3) | ||
| Ethnicity (12) | ||||
| Hispanic | 29.9 (7.5) | .70 | 63.5 (10.4) | .13 |
| Not Hispanic | 30.8 (7.7) | 59.0 (9.9) | ||
| Head of HH educational level (58) | ||||
| <HS | 29.8 (9.2) | .12 | 59.3 (10.3) | .50 |
| HS or GED or some college | 30.2 (7.6) | 59.7 (10.0) | ||
| College graduate or professional | 31.9 (7.5) | 58.4 (10.1) | ||
| Employment (9) | ||||
| Working now | 32.9 (7.4) | <.001 | 57.6 (10.3) | <.001 |
| Disabled | 28.1 (7.1) | 64.0 (7.3) | ||
| Student | 32.1 (7.6) | 55.4 (11.1) | ||
| Other | 30.9 (7.4) | 58.1 (9.0) | ||
| Marital status (14) | ||||
| Married or living together | 30.8 (7.4) | .89 | 61.8 (8.6) | .01 |
| Other | 30.9 (7.6) | 58.7 (10.1) | ||
| Annual income $ (55) | ||||
| <9999 | 28.8 (7.4) | <.001 | 60.9 (9.4) | .04 |
| 10 000-29 999 | 31.5 (7.6) | 58.8 (10.3) | ||
| ≥30 000 | 32.5 (7.2) | 57.8 (10.0) | ||
| Medical insurance (38) | ||||
| Private | 32.6 (6.8) | .06 | 57.2 (10.7) | .03 |
| Medicare or Medicaid | 30.3 (7.6) | 60.2 (9.7) | ||
| Other insurance | 33.1 (7.4) | 55.2 (10.1) | ||
| No coverage | 28.7 (8.1) | 60.1 (11.6) | ||
| Phenotype (23) | ||||
| SS or S β0 | 31.0 (7.7) | .42 | 59.3 (10.2) | . 83 |
| SC | 30.9 (7.5) | 59.1 (9.7) | ||
| S β+ | 30.6 (7.6) | 57.5 (8.9) | ||
| Other variant (n = 2)a | 40.0 (0.0) | 55.5 (4.1) | ||
| No. of treated-and-released ED visits, 6 mo (0)a | ||||
| 0 | 33.6 (7.8) | <.001 | 53.7 (10.4) | <.001 |
| 1-2 | 30.6 (6.9) | 59.6 (9.2) | ||
| ≥3 | 28.4 (7.3) | 63.8 (7.3) | ||
| Severe pain, no health care, 6 mo (4)a | ||||
| Yes | 29.8 (7.4) | <.001 | 61.9 (8.4) | <.001 |
| No | 33.8 (7.7) | 50.7 (9.8) | ||
| No. of pain episodes, 6 mo (104)a | ||||
| <4 | 32.7 (6.9) | <.001 | 58.1 (9.4) | <.001 |
| ≥4 | 28.2 (7.2) | 64.1 (6.9) | ||
| No. of pain episodes, 6 mo (4)a | ||||
| 0 | 33.8 (7.7) | <.001 | 50.7 (9.8) | <.001 |
| <4 | 32.7 (6.9) | 58.1 (9.4) | ||
| ≥4 | 28.2 (7.2) | 64.1 (6.9) | ||
| No. of days missed usual activities, 6 mo (107)a | ||||
| <1 wk | 32.9 (7.2) | <.001 | 57.7 (8.6) | <.001 |
| ≥1 wk | 28.2 (7.0) | 64.3 (7.3) | ||
| No. of hospital admissions for pain, 12 mo (1)a | ||||
| 0 | 33.5 (8.0) | <.001 | 53.9 (10.1) | <.001 |
| 1-2 | 31.1 (6.8) | 59.6 (9.3) | ||
| ≥3 | 27.9 (7.0) | 63.9 (7.7) | ||
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; GED, General Educational Development; HH, household; HS, high school; SCD, sickle cell disease.
a
Covariate remained significant (for SCD self-efficacy and for pain interference) when adjusted for age group, gender, and phenotype.