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. 2020 May 30;18:83. doi: 10.1186/s12951-020-00638-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — a Cellular uptake of LPNs and W-LPNs in a Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 co-culture with or without mucus treatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. b Quantities of coumarin-6 absorbed per milligram cellular protein in Caco-2 cells treated with WGA-LPNs after co-incubation with mucin at various concentrations. c Confocal microscopy images of Caco-2 cells treated with FITC-labeled mucins and WGA-LPNs after incubation with FITC-labeled mucins. Rows 1–4 show the DAPI channel, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) channel, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) channel, and merged images, respectively. d % uptake of WGA-LPNs or WGA-LPN-mucins by Caco-2 cells vs control in the presence of different inhibitors (mean ± SD, n = 5). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001