Fig. 2.

Measured concentrations and calculated rates during the feast–famine cycle (s), approximately eight generations after the beginning of the regime. a Residual glucose concentration (mM), quantified by GC–MS/MS. b Dissolved oxygen concentration (%) in the broth, raw data (black) and calculated, eliminating delays of the used Clark probe (blue). c Measurements of oxygen content in offgas (%). d Measurements of carbon dioxide content in offgas (%). e Calculated oxygen uptake rate (${\text{mmol}}_{{\text{O}}_2}$/g_CDW/h) based on the headspace and tubing offgas delays. f Calculated carbon dioxide production rate (${\text{mmol}}_{{\text{CO}}_2}$/g_CDW/h) based on the headspace, tubing offgas delays and bicarbonate in the broth. g Respiratory quotient (RQ) over time derived from the calculated ${\text{q}}_{{\text{O}}_2}$ and ${\text{q}}_{{\text{CO}}_2}$. Data of 16 successive cycles are overlapped for DO, O₂ and CO₂ (b–d). The pink area in the plots represents the substrate feast phase. Green vertical dashed lines show the end of the feeding (20 s)