Fig. 4.

VGLUTs transport glutamate as well as multiple ions. In addition to their capacity to transport glutamate into synaptic vesicles, VGLUTs also display a Cl⁻ transport mode and a K⁺/H⁺ antiport mode, the later could support maintenance of ionic and charge balance during glutamate transport. The Na⁺/Pi co-transport mode of VGLUTs may be important in vesicles and when expressed on the plasma membrane following exocytosis to regulate Pi homeostasis in glutamatergic terminals