Table 1.

: Neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19.

No	Author Publication type Sample size	Features	Remarks
1	Helms et al. (2020) Observational study n = 58	In severely ill patients, neurological findings varied 14−67% based on sedation. 60% patients exhibited confusion. Two-third of the patients had enhanced deep tendon reflexes, clonus and bilateral extensor plantar	Among discharged patients 33 % exhibited dysexecutive syndrome characterized by inattention and disorientation. 13 patients had undergone MRI brain. Majority exhibited bilateral frontotemporal hypo perfusion. CSF reported negative in all tested patients (n = 7)
2	Yin et al. (2020) Case report n = 1	64 year old male, with fever, myalgia and insomnia had developed lethargy, irritability, irrelevant speech on Day 14 of the illness. Ankle clonus was positive bilaterally, Babinski positive on left lower limb. Neck stiffness was noted with positive Brudzinski sign	CT Brain – no abnormalities. CSF negative for SARS-CoV-2. Treated with Antiviral drugs, traditional Chinese medicine and symptomatic treatment. No psychotropics used.
3	Ye et al. (2020) Case report n = 1	A man diagnosed positive for SARS-CoV-2, presented with altered sensorium on day 14 of the illness with meningeal irritation signs and plantar extensor. Diagnosed to have COVID-19 related encephalitis	CSF negative for the viral strain. CT head done was normal. Patient improved with supportive measures. Psychotropic drugs used not reported.
4	Moriguchi et al. (2020) Case report n = 1	A 24 year old man presented with unconsciousness and new onset seizures on day 9 of febrile illness despite being treated with antipyretics and antiviral (Laninamivir) from day 2. Patient had neck stiffness and confusion.	Nasopharyngeal swab was negative but CSF sample was positive for SARS-CoV-2. MRI brain showed hyper intensity along the wall of right lateral ventricle and hyper intense signal changes in right mesial temporal lobe and hippocampus. Details of psychotropics not provided.
5	Poyiadji et al. (2020) Case report n = 1	A 55 year old female airline worker had presented with 3 days history of fever, cough and altered sensorium. Nasopharyngeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2	CSF not tested for the virus. MRI Brain showed hemorrhagic ring enhancing lesion within the bilateral thalami. A diagnosis of acute necrotizing encephalitis related to COVID-19 was made.
6	Alkeridy et al. (2020) Case report n = 1	A 73 year old man presented with confusion in the absence of fever or respiratory distress. Patient developed fever and cough on day 3 of admission. Meningeal irritation signs were negative. Nasopharyngeal test – positive for the virus	Atypical presentation of delirium as the first symptom of COVID-19. CT head was normal. CSF test report not available. Psychotropic use not reported.
7	Duong et al. (2020) Case report n = 1	41 year old lady presented with fever, headache and new onset generalized seizures. Initially she was diagnosed to have viral meningitis. During the course of hospital stay patient had altered sensorium, lethargy and hallucinations. Hallucinations persisted intermittently even after improved mentation	Patient had fever and neuropsychiatric manifestations without any respiratory distress. COVID-19 test positive. CT head without contrast reported normal. CSF protein 100 mg glucose 120mg Details regarding psychotropic use not available.
8	Hao et al., 2020b Case control study n = 252	Patients with pre-existing epilepsy were compared with age and sex matched healthy controls. Psychological distress was measured using Kessler 6 item psychological distress scale	Epilepsy patients showed significantly higher psychological distress and spent more time following the COVID-19 outbreak.
9	Hao et al., 2020a Case control study n = 76	Patients with pre-existing psychiatric (non-psychotic) illness were compared with age and sex matched healthy controls. Psychological impact was assessed with IES-R, DASS-21 and ISI scales	Psychiatric patients reported significantly higher anxiety, depression, insomnia and traumatic stress. More than one third patients might fulfill the criteria for PTSD
10	(Avula et al. (2020) Case series n=2	2 out of 4 reported patients had altered sensorium. Patient 1–73 year old man had presented with right sided hemi paresis and altered sensorium. Patient 2–80 year old lady had presented with left hemi paresis, hemi neglect and aphasia. Average time of onset of stroke after COVID-19 diagnosis is Day 12.	Patient 1 had acute left MCA territory infarct while Patient 2 had acute right MCA territory infarct. Details regarding psychotropics used for treatment not provided.
11	Valdes-Florido et al. (2020) Case series n = 4	Case series included 4 individuals (2 male, 2 female) presented with recent onset psychotic features attributed to the psychosocial stress associated with COVID-19. All of them received a diagnosis of Brief reactive psychotic disorder. All of them had delusions while one each had hallucinations and disorganized speech. Two of them exhibited severe suicidal behavior.	Symptoms remitted within few days of initiating treatment. All of them received antipsychotic drugs (olanzapine, risperidone and aripiprazole). Three of them received adjunct benzodiazepines.
12	Huarcaya-Victoria et al. (2020) Case report n = 1	A 38 year old woman with no past psychiatric history had presented with acute onset persecutory delusion, auditory and visual hallucinations and circumstantial speech was diagnosed to Acute psychotic disorder secondary to increased fear of contracting COVID-19	Patient improved with oral quetiapine 500 mg/day and clonazepam 1 mg/day. CT brain normal study. Tested negative for the virus.

COVID-19 – corona virus disease 2019; CSF – cerebrospinal fluid; CT-computed tomography; DASS-21- depression anxiety and stress scale 21 items version; IES-R – the impact of event scale – revised; ISI – insomnia severity index; MCA – middle cerebral artery; MRI – magnetic resonance imaging; PTSD – post traumatic stress disorder; SARS-CoV-2 – severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2.