Figure 5.

A, Loss of referential integrity resulting from the column expansion of more than 1 study attribute (data field). The recording of multiple populations and multiple outcomes on a single row compromises the ability of users to decipher which population was affected by which outcome. The table asserts that both populations (mice and rats) were affected by all 3 outcomes (reduced birth weight, tumors, and behavioral changes), respectively—which may not be truly representative of the raw data, compromising data integrity. B, This is similarly observed when multivalued cells are used for more than 1 study attribute.