Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in 2008/09 and 2014/16.
| Characteristics | 2008/09 (n = 797) | 2014/16 (n = 1706) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 797) Median (25th; 75th percentiles) |
(n = 1706) Median (25th; 75th percentiles) |
||
| Gender | 0.114 | ||
| Women, n (%) | 620 (77.8) | 1278 (74.9) | |
| Men, n (%) | 177 (22.2) | 428 (25.1) | |
| Age, year∗ | 53.2 ± 14.8 | 48.2 ± 15.3 | <0.001 |
| Level of education | |||
| Education level ≤ 7 years, n (%) | 271 (34.2) | 559 (33.0) | 0.553 |
| Education level > 7 years, n (%) | 522 (65.8) | 1136 (67) | 0.553 |
| Alcohol use | |||
| Current drinker, n (%) | 563 (71.4) | 1213 (71.5) | 0.958 |
| Nondrinker, n (%) | 225 (28.6) | 483 (28.5) | 0.958 |
| Cotinine (ng/mL) | 10 (9; 311) | 48.2 (10; 268) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use | |||
| Nonsmoker, n (%) | 447 (56.2) | 779 (47.1) | <0.001 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 348 (43.8) | 874 (52.9) | <0.001 |
| Anthropometry | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)∗ | 29.64 ± 7.24 | 28.83 ± 8.1 | 0.013 |
| BMI status | |||
| Normal (18.5 kg/m2 to 25 kg/m2), n (%) | 218 (27.7) | 603 (35.8) | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25 kg/m2 to 29.9 kg/m2), n (%) | 218 (27.7) | 385 (22.9) | 0.009 |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2), n (%) | 352 (44.7) | 696 (41.3) | 0.109 |
| Waist circumference (cm)∗ | 96.3 ± 15.0 | 91.4 ± 16.9 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm)∗ | 109.8 ± 14.7 | 103.83 ± 16.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio∗ | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.504 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)∗ | 123 ± 19 | 126 ± 24 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)∗ | 75 ± 12 | 82 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 (5.0;6.5) | 5.0 (4.6;5.6) | <0.001 |
| 2 hr glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 (5.7;8.7) | 6.1 (4.9; 7.6) | <0.001 |
| HBA1c (mmol/mol)∗ | 65 ± 10 | 63 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| HBA1c (%)∗ | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 6.6 (2.7; 12.5) | 6.6 (4.2; 10.4) | 0.414 |
| 2 hr insulin (mIU/L) | 38.1 (19.5; 72.2) | 38.8 (20.7; 71.9) | 0.829 |
| Normoglycemia, n (%) | 474 (59.7) | 1278 (75.3) | <0.001 |
| Pre-diabetes, n (%) | 184 (23.2) | 296 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| Screened-detected diabetes, n (%) | 136 (17.1) | 124 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.0; 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1; 1.5) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.6 (3.0; 4.3) | 3.1 (2.5; 3.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9; 1.7) | 1.5 (0.8; 1.7) | 0.620 |
| Ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.6 (0.9; 9.4) | 3.9 (1.5; 8.6) | 0.228 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (IU/L) | 27 (19; 42) | 28 (20; 45) | 0.011 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.6 (0.6; 3.1) | 1.4 (0.9; 2.4) | 0.859 |
| QUICKI | 0.6 (0.5; 0.9) | 0.7 (0.6; 0.8) | 0.124 |
| McAuley index | 7.9 (6.1; 10.7) | 7.9 (6.4; 9.4) | 0.050 |
| Matsuda index | 7.9 (4.0; 17.8) | 8.4 (4.8; 15.3) | 0.685 |
∗Mean ± SD; screen-detected diabetes: newly diagnosed diabetics; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.