Table 3.
Year of study-, gender-, age-, and smoking-adjusted linear regression models for determinants of insulin resistance in all participants.
| Model 1: log insulin fasting∗ | Model 2: log HOMA-IR∗ | Model 3: log QUICKI index∗ | Model 4: log McAuley index∗ | Model 5: log Matsuda index∗ | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | 95% confidence interval | p value | B | 95% confidence interval | p value | B | 95% confidence interval | p value | B | 95% confidence interval | p value | B | 95% confidence interval | p value | ||||||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||||||
| Year of study (2014/16) | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.10 | <0.001 | -0.39 | -0.51 | -0.26 | <0.001 | -0.05 | -0.06 | -0.04 | <0.001 | -0.09 | -0.12 | -0.06 | <0.001 |
| Gender (men) | -0.15 | -0.19 | -0.11 | <0.001 | -0.15 | -0.18 | -0.11 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.012 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.25 | <0.001 |
| Age | 0.43 | 0.30 | 0.55 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.51 | <0.001 | -0.39 | -0.85 | -0.05 | 0.085 | -0.12 | -0.16 | -0.08 | <0.001 | -0.21 | -0.33 | -0.10 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers | -0.08 | -0.12 | -0.05 | <0.001 | -0.08 | -0.11 | -0.05 | <0.001 | 0.09 | -0.02 | 0.21 | 0.122 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Education (<7 years) | -0.05 | -0.09 | -0.02 | 0.002 | -0.04 | -0.08 | -0.01 | 0.007 | 0.01 | -0.11 | 0.13 | 0.829 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.012 |
| Current drinkers | -0.06 | -0.10 | -0.02 | 0.003 | -0.05 | -0.08 | -0.01 | 0.007 | 0.03 | -0.11 | 0.16 | 0.707 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.006 |
| Waist circumference | 0.85 | 0.65 | 1.04 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.68 | 1.05 | <0.001 | -0.82 | -1.50 | -0.15 | 0.017 | -0.24 | -0.29 | -0.18 | <0.001 | -0.87 | -1.05 | -0.70 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference | -0.15 | -0.34 | 0.05 | 0.142 | -0.15 | -0.33 | 0.03 | 0.107 | 0.58 | -0.10 | 1.27 | 0.094 | 0.04 | -0.01 | 0.09 | 0.142 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.014 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.01 | -0.07 | 0.09 | 0.792 | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.10 | 0.369 | 0.00 | -0.26 | 0.27 | 0.993 | 0.00 | -0.02 | 0.02 | 0.792 | -0.05 | -0.12 | 0.02 | 0.142 |
| HbA1c | 2.95 | 0.92 | 5.02 | 0.004 | 8.67 | 6.66 | 10.72 | <0.001 | -9.78 | -15.87 | -3.25 | 0.004 | -0.81 | -1.36 | -0.26 | 0.004 | -8.19 | -9.92 | -6.41 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C∗ | -0.28 | -0.51 | -0.05 | 0.018 | -0.29 | -0.50 | -0.07 | 0.010 | 0.06 | -0.75 | 0.87 | 0.877 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.018 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.001 |
| LDL-C∗ | 0.29 | -0.10 | 0.68 | 0.150 | 0.26 | -0.11 | 0.62 | 0.172 | -0.46 | -1.84 | 0.91 | 0.509 | -0.08 | -0.19 | 0.03 | 0.150 | -0.27 | -0.62 | 0.09 | 0.148 |
| Triglycerides∗ | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.43 | <0.001 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.42 | <0.001 | -0.20 | -0.62 | 0.22 | 0.342 | -0.40 | -0.43 | -0.36 | <0.001 | -0.34 | -0.45 | -0.23 | <0.001 |
| usCRP∗ | -0.02 | -0.05 | 0.02 | 0.323 | -0.01 | -0.04 | 0.02 | 0.505 | 0.07 | -0.03 | 0.18 | 0.177 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.323 | 0.00 | -0.03 | 0.03 | 0.945 |
| Gamma GT∗ | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.18 | <0.001 | -0.16 | -0.36 | 0.03 | 0.098 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.01 | <0.001 | -0.13 | -0.19 | -0.08 | <0.001 |
∗Log transformed; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; usCRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; gamma GT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.