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. 2020 May 21;2020:4143802. doi: 10.1155/2020/4143802

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Copyright © 2020 Elena V Tchetina et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Metabolic changes in healthy and osteoarthritic chondrocytes associated with insulin resistance. Thin arrows, healthy chondrocyte. Bold arrows, insulin resistance-related changes in osteoarthritic chondrocyte. ECM, extracellular matrix; MMPs-matrix metalloproteinases; P2X/P2Y, purinergic receptors; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; ETC, electron transport chain; С, Complex; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; AGEs, advanced glycation endproducts; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; FFAs, free fatty acids; CPT, carnitine:palmitoyl-CoA transferase; CRAT, carnitine acyltransferase; ACLY, ATP-citrate lyase.