Table 1.
QOL scales structures and broad domains.
| Name | Scale | Broad domains | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First publintdcation year | No. of items | Subscales/domains | Population (n, language, diabetes type) | Development purpose | Physical health | Mental health | Social health | Life satisfaction/beliefs | Environment | |
| Asian diabetes quality of life questionnaire (AsianDQOL) [26] | 2015 | 21 | Financial; diet; memory and cognition; energy; relationship | 136 (English version), English-Chinese-Malay, Type 2 | QOL assessment in multiethnic/multilanguage Asian populations | Energy/fatigue | Memory, mood | Relationships, intimacy | Activities | Policies (financial burden) |
| Audit of diabetes-dependent quality of life (ADDQOL-19) [27] | 1999 | 19 | Employment/career; social life; family relationships; friendships; sex life; sport/leisure; travel; future (own); future (family); motivation; do physically; others fuss | 152, English | Patient-centered assessment of diabetes impact on QOL (both research and clinical practice) | Energy/fatigue | Distress | Relationships, social engagement, intimacy | Recreation, activities | Societal attitudes |
| Diabetes diet-related quality of life revised (DDRQOL-R) [28] | 2017 | 17 | Satisfaction with diet; burden of diet therapy; perceived merits of diet therapy | 184 (115 test-retest), Japanese | Assessment of the effect of dietary therapy on daily lifestyle and QOL | Attitude (towards diet) | Social engagement (diet-related) | Satisfaction (diet-related) | Policies (financial burden) | |
| Diabetes diet-related quality of life revised—short form (DDRQOL-R-9) [28] | 2017 | 9 | Satisfaction with diet; burden of diet therapy; perceived merits of diet therapy | Same sample as DDRQOL-R | Short version of DDRQOL-R more feasible for clinical purposes | Social engagement (diet-related) | Satisfaction (diet-related) | Policies (financial burden) | ||
| DAWN2 Impact of Diabetes Profile (DIDP) [29] | 2019 | 7 | 2207, Australian both Type 1 and Type 2 | Assessment of perceived impact of diabetes on QOL | Sick/well | Emotional regulation | Relationships | Recreation, activities, satisfaction (diet) | Policies (financial burden) | |
| Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire (DOQ-30) [30] | 2016 | 30 | Relationship with medical professionals; support from friends and family; knowledge of the disease; lifestyle changes; exercising; self-monitoring;uncertainty about a consultation; medication; insulin-use | 853, cross-country (Estonia, France, Belgium, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey) | Assessment of diabetes-related QOL addressing a variety of obstacles | Distress | Relationships | Activities | Access to services (healthcare), societal attitude | |
| Diabetes quality of life (DQOL) [31] | 1988 | 46 | Satisfaction; impact; worry: diabetes related; worry; social/vocational | 136 adults, 56 adolescents, English | QOL assessment, originally for controlled trials | Sick/well, rest, pain | Distress, mood | Relationships, intimacy | Satisfaction, activities, recreation | Societal attitude |
| Diabetes quality of life (DQOL) [32] | 2012 | 16 | Emotional suffering; social functioning; adherence to the treatment regimen; diabetes-specificsymptoms | 402, Korean | QOL assessment | Sick/well | Mood, distress | Relationships | Recreation, activities | |
| Diabetes quality of life brief clinical inventory (DQOL-Brief) [33] | 2004 | 15 | 498, English | Treatment-focused QOL assessment in clinical practice | Pain, sick/well, rest | Distress | Relationships, intimacy | Satisfaction, activities | Societal attitude | |
| Diabetes Quality of Life Clinical Trials Questionnaire, Revised (DQLCTQ-R) [34] | 1999 | 57 | Physical function; energy/fatigue; health issues; mental health; DQOL satisfaction; DQOL impact; DQOL social worry; DQOL diabetes worry; worry (Hypoglycemia Fear Survey); treatment satisfaction; treatment flexibility; social stigma; frequency of symptoms; bothersomeness of symptoms | 942 cross-country (Canada, France, Germany, US) | QOL assessment in multinational clinical trials | Sick/well, stamina, energy/fatigue, pain | Distress, mood, emotional regulation | Social engagement, relationships, intimacy, discrimination | Activities, satisfaction, recreation | Societal attitude |
| Diabetes-specific quality of life questionnaire module (DMQOL) [35] | 2017 | 10 | 170, Chinese (available also in English) | Diabetes-specific module to be used along with WHOQOL-BREF | Relationships, social engagement | Activities, satisfaction, recreation | Policies (financial burden), societal attitude | |||
| Diabetes therapy-related quality of life (DTR-QOL) [36] | 2012 | 29 | Burden on social activities and daily activities; anxiety and dissatisfaction with treatment; hypoglycemia; satisfaction with treatment | 284, Japanese | Assessment of influence of treatment on patients' QOL | Pain, sick/well | Distress | Relationships, social engagement | Activities, satisfaction (general and with treatment) | |
| Diabetes-39 (D-39) [37] | 1997 | 39 | Energy and mobility; diabetes control; anxiety and worry; social burden; sexual functioning | 427, English | QOL assessment | Energy/fatigue, sick/well | Distress | Relationships, intimacy | Activities | Societal attitude |
| Multidimensional Diabetes Questionnaire (MDQ) [38] | 1997 | 41 | Interference; severity; support; positive reinforcing behaviors; misguided support behaviors; self-efficacy; outcome expectancies | 249, French, Type 2 | Understanding individual differences in adjustment to diabetes | Distress | Relationships, social engagement | Activities, recreation | Societal attitude, access to service (healthcare) | |
| The 28-item well-being questionnaire (W-BQ28) [39] | 2012 | 28 | Generic negative well-being; energy; generic positive well-being; generic stress; diabetes-specific negative well-being; diabetes-specificstress; diabetes-specific positive well-being | 353, English, Type 2 | QOL assessment in clinical and research practice | Energy/fatigue, rest | Emotional regulation, mood, distress | Meaning to life, activities, satisfaction | ||
| The Japanese insulin-dependent diabetic patient quality of life scale (JAPID-QOL) [40] | 2011 | 19 | Diabetes status-related; support of family or community-related; social acceptance-related | 105, Japanese, Type 1 | QOL assessment in clinical trials with beta cell replacement therapy | Sick/well, rest | Distress | Relationships | Satisfaction (with treatment), activities | Societal attitude |
| The patient-reported outcomes instrument for Thai patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (PRO-DM-Thai) [41] | 2015 | 44 | Physical function; symptoms; psychological well-being; self-care management; social well-being; global judgments of health; satisfaction with care and flexibility of treatment | 500 (study 1), 200 (study 2), Thai, Type 2 | Tool for healthcare providers to investigate treatment outcomes | Sick/well | Distress, mood | Relationships, social engagement | Satisfaction, activities | Access to services (healthcare, public transport) |
| The ViDa questionnaire for Type 1 diabetes (ViDa1) [42] | 2017 | 34 | Interference in life; self-care; well-being; worry about the disease | 578, Spanish, Type 1 | QOL assessment in both research and clinical practice | Rest, sick/well, pain | Distress, emotional regulation | Discrimination, intimacy, social engagement | Activities, satisfaction (with treatment), recreation | Societal attitude |