Table 3.
Participant Characteristics of the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Trajectory Group
| Resistance | Subsyndromal | Recovery | Fluctuating | Chronic | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | χ2/F | p | |
| Number of participants | 467 | 62.7 | 181 | 24.3 | 47 | 6.3 | 26 | 3.5 | 24 | 3.2 | ||
| Average posterior probability | 95.8 | 86.3 | 91.0 | 92.8 | 98.4 | |||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | 272 | 58.2 | 107 | 59.1 | 31 | 66.0 | 16 | 61.5 | 13 | 54.2 | 1.35 | 0.853 |
| Male | 195 | 41.8 | 74 | 40.9 | 16 | 34.0 | 10 | 38.5 | 11 | 45.8 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 20–39 | 184 | 39.4 | 57 | 31.5 | 13 | 27.7 | 7 | 26.9 | 9 | 37.5 | 0.85 | 0.495 |
| 40–59 | 282 | 60.4 | 124 | 68.5 | 34 | 72.3 | 19 | 73.1 | 15 | 62.5 | ||
| 60+ | 1 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
| Workplace factorsa | ||||||||||||
| Supervisory work status | 51 | 10.9 | 18 | 9.9 | 3 | 6.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 4.2 | 4.98 | 0.290 |
| Mainly disaster-related work b | 77 | 16.5 | 56 | 30.9 | 20 | 42.6 | 8 | 30.8 | 9 | 37.5 | 31.67 | <0.001 |
| Lack of communication c | 70 | 15.0 | 45 | 24.9 | 15 | 31.9 | 12 | 46.2 | 9 | 37.5 | 29.55 | <0.001 |
| Lack of rest d | 175 | 37.5 | 99 | 54.7 | 32 | 68.1 | 14 | 53.8 | 20 | 83.3 | 42.53 | <0.001 |
| Dead or missing colleague(s) | 75 | 16.1 | 30 | 16.6 | 8 | 17.0 | 5 | 19.2 | 6 | 25.0 | 1.45 | 0.835 |
| Personal factors | ||||||||||||
| Displacement e | 95 | 20.3 | 49 | 27.1 | 15 | 31.9 | 6 | 23.1 | 12 | 50.0 | 14.96 | 0.005 |
| Dead or missing family members(s) f | 23 | 4.9 | 11 | 6.1 | 5 | 10.6 | 3 | 11.5 | 5 | 20.8 | 12.79 | 0.012 |
| Near-death experience g | 226 | 48.4 | 110 | 60.8 | 36 | 76.6 | 17 | 65.4 | 19 | 79.2 | 26.28 | <0.001 |
| Pre-disaster treatment for physical illness h | 84 | 18.0 | 51 | 28.2 | 12 | 25.5 | 7 | 26.9 | 14 | 58.3 | 26.97 | <0.001 |
| Pre-disaster treatment for mental illness i | 10 | 2.1 | 8 | 4.4 | 5 | 10.6 | 4 | 15.4 | 4 | 16.7 | 27.38 | <0.001 |
| PTSD score (PCL-S) | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 1 (14 months) j | 21.9 | (4.5) | 31.0 | (5.4) | 47.8 | (5.8) | 37.8 | (4.9) | 56.3 | (8.4) | 587.9 | <0.001 |
| Wave 2 (30 months) k | 21.0 | (3.4) | 29.0 | (4.8) | 31.6 | (6.5) | 45.4 | (8.1) | 46.5 | (9.2) | 421.3 | <0.001 |
| Wave 3 (43 months) l | 20.7 | (3.7) | 28.6 | (6.1) | 31.5 | (8.0) | 37.4 | (7.7) | 48.2 | (10.9) | 270.9 | <0.001 |
| Wave 4 (52 months) m | 20.1 | (3.5) | 28.6 | (6.0) | 28.4 | (6.6) | 45.7 | (8.4) | 48.0 | (9.3) | 387.1 | <0.001 |
Notes. PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; PCL-S, PTSD checklist-specific version. Total score of PCL-S ranges from 17 to 85; ASR, adjusted standardized residual, pos-hoc comparison for χ2 test, values greater or lesser than ±2.0 are considered to be significantly higher or lower than chance.
Workplace factors were assessed at Wave 1 (14months), except for Pre-disaster treatment for physical illness and Pre-disaster treatment for mental illness which were collected at Wave 2 (30 months) and 3 (43months).
Mainly disaster-related work in the subsyndromal (3.0), and recovery (3.3) trajectories had positive ASRs, indicating that the participants included in the subsyndromal and recovery trajectories had factors significantly greater than chance. The resistance trajectory (−5.3) had a negative ASR, indicating that the participants included in the resistance trajectory had factors significantly less than chance.
Lack of communication in the chronic (2.1), fluctuating (3.3), and recovery (2.1) trajectories had a positive ASR and in the resistance (−4.6) trajectory negative ASR.
Lack of rest in the chronic (3.8), recovery (3.2) and subsyndromal (2.8) had positive ASRs and in the resistance (−5.8) trajectory had a negative ASR.
Displacement in the chronic (3.1) trajectory had a positive ASR and in the resistance (−2.8) trajectory had a negative ASR.
Dead or missing family members in the chronic (3.0) trajectory had a positive ASR and in the resistance (−2.0) trajectory had a negative ASR.
Near-death experience in the chronic (2.4) and recovery (3.1) trajectories had positive ASRs and in the resistance (−4.5) trajectory had a negative ASR.
Pre-disaster treatment for physical illness in the chronic (4.3) and subsyndromal (2.1) trajectories had positive ASRs and in the resistance (−3.9) trajectory had a negative ASR.
Pre-disaster treatment for mental illness in the chronic (3.1), fluctuating (2.9), and recovery (2.3) trajectories had positive ASRs and in the resistance (−3.6) trajectory had a negative ASR.
All the groups were significantly different (Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05/10 = 0.005).
All the groups were significantly different, except those for chronic and fluctuating (Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05/10 = 0.005).
All the groups were significantly different (Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05/10 = 0.005).
All the groups were significantly different, except those for chronic and fluctuating and for recovery and subsyndromal (Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05/10 = 0.005).