Table 1.

Comparison of various electrochemical glutamate biosensors.

Electrode material	Area (mm2)	Fabrication method	Sensitivity (nA μM−1mm−2)	Permselective membrane	Detection limit	Response time	Linear range	Reference
Pt	0.0491	Commercial Pt wire	0.32	poly(o-phenylenediamine)- PPD	N/A	N/A	0–150 μM	McMahon and O’Neill (2005)
Pt	0.0491	Commercial Pt wire	0.80	polypyrrole- PPY	2 μM	2s	0–250 μM	Hamdi et al. (2006)
Pt/Chitosan	8.0425	Commercial Pt disk	0.85	poly(o-phenylenediamine)- PPD	0.7 μM	2s	200 μM	Zhang et al. (2006)
Pt	0.0491	Commercial Pt wire	0.71	poly(o-phenylenediamine)- PPD	2.5 μM	< 5s	N/A	Govindarajan et al. (2013)
Pt	0.0075	MEMS	0.95	m- phenylenediamine- mPD	0.5 μM	10 s	150 μM	Frey et al. (2010)
Pt	0.0050	MEMS	1.26	Nafion-Polypyrrole- PPY	2.1 μM	1 s	> 630 μM	Tseng and Monbouquette (2012)
Pt	0.0040	MEMS	1.83	Nafion	0.32 μM	N/A	5–300 μM	Tolosa et al. (2013)
Pt	0.095	MEMS	2.16	m-phenylenediamine- mPD	0.22 μM	5s	150 μM	Weltin et al. (2014)
Pt	0.0075	MEMS	7.47	Nafion	0.5 μM	< 8s	N/A μM	Wei et al. (2015)
Pt	0.0085	MEMS	2.04	PPY/Nafion	0.5 μM	< 3s	1–800 μM	Hoa et al. (2018)
Pt/MWCNT	0.7800	Electrodeposition	3.84	Polypyrrole OPP	0.3 μM	7s	0–150 μM	Ammam and Fransaer (2010)
Glassy carbon	7.0680	Electrodeposition	2.10	Nafion	0.7 μM	N/A	0.1–100 μM	Karyakin et al. (2000)
Carbon fiber	0.0095	Commercial carbon fiber	0.36	Nafion	3 μM	20–30 s	0–100 μM	Kulagina et al. (1999)
Carbon fiber	0.00007	Comercial carbon fiber - Prussian blue	1.35	poly-o-phenylenediamine-PoPD	< 2 μM	N/A	150 μM	Salazar et al. (2016)
Carbon nanofibers	98300	PECVD	0.18	N/A - low oxidation potential	0.000767 μM	0.05 s	20–500 μM	Isoaho et al. (2017)
CNT composite	7.0000	CNT coated on glassy carbon	0.10	N/A - low oxidation potential	2 μM	4 s	N/A	Chakraborty and Raj (2007)
MWCNT/AuNP/CHIT	36.000	Electrodeposition	1.55	N/A - low oxidation potential	1.6 μM	5s	5–500 μM	Batra and Pundir (2013)
PtNPs/AuNP	0.2000	Electrodeposition	0.11	Nafion	14 μM	< 5s	0.8 μM	Jamal et al. (2010)
PtNPs/MWCNT/PEDOT: PSS	0.0314	Direct writing	2.6 (0.5 V)	Nafion	0.5 μM	< 3s	1–800 μM	This work
PtNPs/MWCNT/PEDOT: PSS	0.0314	Direct writing	12.8 (−0.2 V)	N/A - low oxidation potential	0.2 μM	15–20s	10–600 μM	This work