Table 1.
Treatment protocol and baseline characteristics in the included trials
| S.no | Author/year | Treatment protocol | Mechanism of immunomodulation | Assessment of outcome | Total (n) | Treatment arm (n) | Control arm (n) | Mean age (years) | Women (%) | NICM (%) | LVEF (%) | LVEDD (mm) | ACEi–ARBs/beta‐blockers/Aldosterone antagonist/digoxin (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Parrillo17/1989 | Prednisone | Broad | 3 months | 101 | 49 | 52 | 43 | NR | 100 | 17.5 | 68.7 | NA/NA/NA/NA |
| 2 | Sliwa18/1998 | Pentoxifylline | Anti‐cytokine | 6 months | 28 | 14 | 14 | 52 | 32.1 | 100 | 24.2 | 64.5 | 100/NA/NA/100 |
| 3 | Deswal19/1999 | Etanercept | Anti‐cytokine | 2 weeks | 18 | 12 | 6 | 63.3 | 5.6 | 83.3 | 27.5 | NR | 100/11/NA/94.4 |
| 4 | McNamara20/2001 | IVIg | Broad | 1 year | 62 | 33 | 29 | 43 | 4 | 100 | 25 | NR | 90/18/NA/NA |
| 5 | Skudicky21/2001 | Pentoxifylline | Anti‐cytokine | 6 months | 39 | 19 | 20 | 48.5 | 33.3 | 100 | 24 | 68.5 | 100/100/NA/100 |
| 6 | Bozkurt22/2001 | Etanercept | Anti‐cytokine | 3 months | 47 | 31 | 16 | 55 | 19 | 36.2 | 18.4 | NR | 100/47/NA/87 |
| 7 | Gullestad23/2001 | IVIg | Broad | 26 weeks | 39 | 19 | 20 | 60.5 | 17.5 | 57.5 | 27 | NR | 100/75/NA/40 |
| 8 | Wojnicz24/2001 | Prednisone + azathioprine | Broad | 3 months | 84 | 41 | 43 | 40 | 17.9 | 100 | 24.4 | 67.1 | 100/100/NA/100 |
| 9 |
Sliwa25/2002 |
Pentoxifylline | Anti‐cytokine | 1 months | 15 | 8 | 7 | 46 | 16.7 | 100 | 15.4 | 69.1 | 100/NA/NA/100 |
| 10 |
Chung26/2003 |
Infliximab | Anti‐cytokine | 14 weeks | 150 | 101 | 49 | 61.3 | 19 | 35.3 | 24 | NR | 100/73/39/78 |
| 11 | Bahrmann27/2004 | Pentoxifylline | Anti‐cytokine | 6 months | 41 | 21 | 20 | 56.5 | 6.4 | 57.4 | 28 | 69 | 100/96/NA/51 |
| 12 | Sliwa28/2004 | Pentoxifylline | Anti‐cytokine | 6 months | 33 | 19 | 14 | 55.1 | 28.9 | 0 | 25 | 61.2 | 100/100/50/NA |
| 13 | Torre‐Amione29/2005 | Celecadea | Broad | 6 months | 74 | 37 | 37 | 61.7 | 31.1 | 51.4 | 22.2 | NR | 89/51/46/82 |
| 14 | Gullestad30/2005 | Thalidomide | Anti‐cytokine | 12 weeks | 48 | 22 | 26 | 66 | 25 | 32.2 | 24.6 | NR | 99/91/NA/29 |
| 15 | Gong31/2006 | Methotrexate | Broad | 12 weeks | 62 | 30 | 32 | 62.4 | 48.1 | 59.7 | 31 | 62.7 | 94/45/NA/68 |
| 16 | Frustaci32/2009 | Prednisone + azathioprine | Broad | 6 months | 85 | 43 | 42 | 42.8 | 40 | 100 | 27.1 | 68.6 | 100/100/NA/100 |
| 17 | Deftereos33/2014 | Colchicine | Broad | 6 months | 267 | 134 | 133 | 66.7 | 33 | 28 | 27.6 | 61.7 | 85/79/62/NA |
| 18 | Van Tassell34/2016 | Anakinra | Anti‐cytokine | 12 weeks | 52 | 34 | 18 | 57.7 | 27 | 65.4 | 31.2 | NR | 83/92/52/NA |
| 19 | Xiaojing35/2017 | Thymopentin | Broad | 75 days | 96 | 48 | 48 | 70.3 | 43.8 | 20.8 | 35.5 | 61.8 | 81/77/92/43 |
EF, ejection fraction; IVIg, intra‐venous immunoglobulin; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not available; NICM, non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy; NR, not recorded.
a
Autologous blood transfusion.