Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by physical (phy‐Fi) and multidimensional (m‐Fi) frailty score in presence of heart failure
| Variables | Frailty | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light | Moderate | Severe | |||||
| phy‐Fi | m‐Fi | phy‐Fi | m‐Fi | phy‐Fi | m‐Fi | ||
| n = 190 (20.9%) | n = 31 (16.3%) | n = 45 (23.7%) | n = 78 (41.1%) | n = 67 (35.3%) | n = 81 (42.6%) | n = 78 (41.1%) | |
| Age (years) | 81.5 ± 6.4 | 78.8 ± 7.3 | 79.7 ± 7.3 | 82.2 ± 6.8 | 81.5 ± 5.9 | 81.1 ± 6.2 | 82.3 ± 6.2 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 105 (55.3) * | 20 (85.0) | 37 (82.2) | 46 (72.7) | 32 (47.8) * | 40 (38.6) | 36 (46.2) * |
| BMI | 28.2 ± 7.8 | 30.3 ± 10.7 | 27.6 ± 5.6 | 28.36 ± 5.0 | 27.6 ± 5.2 | 26.1 ± 4.4 | 25.3 ± 11.1 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 168 (88.4) * | 22 (95.0) | 41 (91.1) | 54 (83.6) | 56 (83.6) | 93 (90.0) | 71 (81.6) |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 102 (53.7) * | 14 (60) | 30 (66.7) | 34 (53.0) | 31 (46.3) * | 54 (52.3) | 41 (47.1) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 71 (37.7) | 11 (35.5) | 19 (42.2) * | 21 (26.9) | 28 (41.8) * | 39 (48.1) | 78 (48.7) |
| CIRS‐C score | 4.8 ± 2.5 * | 5.4 ± 5.4 | 4.6 ± 3.9 | 4.5 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 2.0 | 5.0 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 2.0 * |
| BADL lost | 2.2 ± 2.0 * | 0.8 ± 1.7 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 3.5 ± 1.6 * |
| NYHA II–III, n (%) | 169 (88.9) * | 20 (85.0) | 39 (87.0) | 56 (88.0) | 59 (88.0) | 93 (90.0) | 71 (91.0) |
| LVEF ≤45%, n (%)† | 127 (66.8) * | 8 (35.0) | 17 (38.0) | 38 (60.0) | 46 (69.0) | 80 (78.0) | 64 (82.0) * |
| BNP (pg/mL) b | 572 ± 620 * | 300 ± 420 * | 362 ± 520 | 452 ± 420 * | 654 ± 410 | 520 ± 420 * | 765 ± 630 * |
| GFR (mL/min) c | 41.4 ± 11.6 * | 48.6 ± 18.6 | 65.3 ± 28.2 | 51.2 ± 10.4 | 55.2 ± 14.6 | 45.2 ± 16.4 | 38.0 ± 16.6 |
| Drugs (n) | 7.8 ± 3.0 * | 7.9 ± 2.7 | 8.4 ± 2.9 | 7.2 ± 3.1 | 7.5 ± 3.2 | 8.8 ± 3.1 | 8.1 ± 3.1 |
| CRP (mg/dL) a | 0.95 ± 0.30 * | 0.35 ± 0.40 | 0.51 ± 0.57 | 0.38 ± 0.34 | 0.60 ± 0.48 | 0.44 ± 0.38 | 1.10 ± 0.50 * |
| m‐Fi, score | 23.3 ± 7.7 * | 12.1 ± 4.4 | 12.1 ± 2.9 | 22.5 ± 6.2 | 22.2 ± 3.1 * | 28.3 ± 4.8 | 30.7 ± 2.4 * |
| Fried's score | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 1.3 * |
BADL, basic activity of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CIRS‐C, cumulative index rating scale–quantity; CRP, C‐reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
*
P < 0.05 vs. phy‐Fi.
a
Echocardiography was available in 72.0% of participants (n = 137).
b
BNP was available in 41.0% of participants (n = 78).
c
GFR was available in 88.0% of participants (n = 167).