Table 2.

In‐hospital outcomes: adjusted comparisons between African Americans and Caucasians

Outcome	Model 1*	P‐value	Model 2†	P‐value	Model 3‡	P‐value
Mortality	1.14 (0.90–1.43)	0.27	0.94 (0.74–1.19)	0.62	0.86 (0.67–1.1)	0.21
Cardiogenic shock	0.75 (0.59–0.95)	0.02	0.63 (0.50–0.8)	0.0001	0.58 (0.46–0.75)	<0.0001
Cardiac arrest	1.06 (0.81–1.37)	0.69	1 (0.76–1.3)	0.99	0.96 (0.73–1.27)	0.77
Mechanical ventilation	1.02 (0.89–1.16)	0.78	0.86 (0.76–0.98)	0.02	0.78 (0.68–0.9)	0.001
NIPPV	1.05 (0.81–1.36)	0.70	0.90 (0.69–1.17)	0.43	0.88 (0.67–1.17)	0.37
Intraaortic balloon pump	0.64 (0.41–0.98)	0.04	0.57 (0.37–0.89)	0.013	0.6 (0.39–0.94)	0.02
Tracheostomy	1.43 (1.02–2.01)	0.04	1.08 (0.77–1.53)	0.65	1.1 (0.75–1.54)	0.70
Acute kidney injury	1.49 (1.30–1.70)	<0.0001	1.23 (1.07–1.41)	0.003	1.16 (1.0–1.34)	0.05

Data are presented as African Americans compared to Caucasians with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval.

NIPPV, non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation; OR, odds ratio.

^* Adjusted for age and gender.

^† Adjusted for age, gender, comorbidities, and hospital location/teaching status.

^‡ Adjusted for age, gender, comorbidities, hospital location/teaching status, psychiatric conditions (depression and psychosis), and socio‐economic factors including smoking, drug abuse, household income, and primary insurance payer.