Table 1.

Cathepsin B elevation in AD, TBI, and related dementia patients

Clinical Condition	Biofluid or Tissue	Cathepsin B Regulation	Features	Reference
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	plasma	↑	AD patients had 49% increase in CTSB protein above controls	(28)
AD	serum	↑	AD patients had ~45% increase in CTSB protein vs. controls ↑ CTSB correlated with MMSE* cognitive function scores indicating dementia	(29)
AD	plasma	↑	elevated CTSB protein in mild and severe AD by 50–80% above controls	(30)
AD	CSF	↑	CTSB protein was elevated by 1.9-fold in AD compared to control	(31)
AD	brain amyloid plaque	abnormal localization at amyloid plaques of AD brains	high CTSB activity and protein were abnormally localized in senile plaques of AD brains	(32)
Aging	CSF	↑	increased CTSB protein correlated positively with age	(35)
Severe Trauma	plasma	↑	CTSB activity was elevated 5–6 fold in severe trauma leading to organ failure	(36)
Multiple Trauma	plasma	↑	elevated CTSB associated with trauma and sepsis	(37)
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)	CSF	↑	elevated CTSB protein by 2-fold increase compared to controls	(38)
Inflammatory Neurological Diseases	CSF	↑	elevated CTSB activity in Guilllain-Barrer syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuroopathy (CIDP), multiple sclerosis (MS), and meningitis	(39)

^*Mini-mental state examination scores are utilized to monitor cognitive dysfunction, dementia (29).