Table 2.

The relationship between androgen levels and the components of cardiometabolic syndrome in different animal models

Animal model	Results and conclusion	Ref.
Androgen deficiency induced by gonadectomy in middle-aged rats	-Lower plasma T concentration -No effect on blood pressure, plasma concentration of insulin, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance -Higher liver triacylglycerol concentration	268
Male Wistar rats fed with HFD/high-sucrose diet + orchiectomy	-Increased subcutaneous and visceral adiposity, circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin and low circulating T -T protected against subcutaneous fat accumulation and hypercholesterolemia in rats with HFD/high-sucrose diet and orchiectomy	269
Rats drinking a 10% fructose solution or fed with HFD (35%) for 10 weeks as a model of metabolic syndrome	-Higher plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and lower plasma levels of T -A significant increase in body weight, systolic blood pressure, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cholesterol, triglycerides	270
Castrated rats fed with high-energy diet	-Slightly lower body weight, increased subcutaneous fat area, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin A1c -Unaffected fasting levels of insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels	271
Hypogonadal aged male rats treated with T	-Decreased visceral fat cell size in T-treated group	272
Prenatal treatment with T or DHT in adult male rats	-Altered body composition by T and DHT -Increased subcutaneous fat depots and glucose levels in T males -No differences in insulin sensitivity, circulating lipid, and leptin levels by T and DHT	273
Male rabbits fed a HFD, with or without T supplementation and rabbits made hypogonadal by a single injection of a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, triptorelin	-Normalized fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance, and dramatically decreased visceral adipose tissue accumulation by T -A negative correlation between visceral fat accumulation and T plasma level -The highest amount of visceral fat in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-treated rabbits	274
Preadipocytes isolated from visceral adipose tissue of regular diet, HFD, and T-treated HFD rabbits	-Restored insulin sensitivity in visceral adipose tissue -Normalization of reduced insulin-stimulated triglyceride synthesis, glucose uptake in preadipocytes of HFD rats	275

DHT = dihydrotestosterone; HFD = high-fat diet; T = testosterone.