Table 1. Comparison of baseline characteristics according to cardiac involvement.
| Variables | Total (n = 437) | Cardiac involvement | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absence (n = 425) | Presence (n = 12) | |||||
| Gender, women | 409 (93.6) | 402 (94.6) | 7 (58.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| Age, yr | 44.0 (36.0–52.0) | 44.0 (36.0–51.0) | 47.0 (38.5–61.8) | 0.222 | ||
| Disease duration, mon | 92.0 (39.0–167.0) | 91.0 (39.0–166.5) | 126.0 (23.5–179.3) | 0.599 | ||
| Traditional risk factors | ||||||
| Current smokera | 46 (10.5) | 45 (10.6) | 1 (8.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Current alcoholica | 118 (27.0) | 115 (27.1) | 3 (25.0) | 1.000 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 118.0 (110.0–128.0) | 118.0 (110.0–128.0) | 115.0 (105.5–128.3) | 0.598 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 71.0 (66.0–80.0) | 71.0 (66.0–80.0) | 70.0 (66.0–73.5) | 0.314 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.480 | |||||
| Normal, < 23.0 | 296 (67.7) | 289 (68.0) | 7 (58.3) | |||
| Overweight and obese, ≥ 23.0 | 141 (32.3) | 136 (32.0) | 5 (41.7) | |||
| Hypertension | 87 (19.9) | 84 (19.8) | 3 (25.0) | 0.713 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 54 (12.4) | 53 (12.5) | 1 (8.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 36 (8.2) | 33 (7.8) | 3 (25.0) | 0.067 | ||
| Renal involvement | 117 (26.8) | 111 (26.1) | 6 (50.0) | 0.093 | ||
| Erythrocyte sediment rate, mm/hr | 20.0 (10.0–33.0) | 20.0 (10.0–33.2) | 19.5 (10.3–27.5) | 0.796 | ||
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.09 (0.05–0.30) | 0.09 (0.05–0.30) | 0.14 (0.08–0.28) | 0.449 | ||
| Disease-specific parameters | ||||||
| SELENA-SLEDAI | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 0.338 | ||
| SDI, ≥ 1 | 100 (22.9) | 91 (21.4) | 9 (75.0) | < 0.001 | ||
| Complement 3, mg/mLa | 80.4 (66.0–96.0) | 80.1 (66.0–95.9) | 90.3 (57.5–102.2) | 0.834 | ||
| Complement 4, mg/mLa | 15.2 (10.5–20.5) | 15.0 (10.5–20.3) | 20.1 (7.5–25.1) | 0.355 | ||
| Anti-Sm antibodya | 93 (21.5) | 87 (20.7) | 6 (50.0) | 0.026 | ||
| Anti-dsDNA antibodya | 227 (52.1) | 219 (51.7) | 8 (66.7) | 0.305 | ||
| Anti-Ro antibodya | 261 (60.3) | 258 (61.3) | 3 (25.0) | 0.015 | ||
| Anti-La antibodya | 97 (22.4) | 97 (23.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.077 | ||
| Anti-RNP antibodya | 157 (36.6) | 151 (36.2) | 6 (50.0) | 0.369 | ||
| Anti-cardiolipin antibodya | 36 (8.5) | 36 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.611 | ||
| Anti-β2GPI antibodya | 25 (5.9) | 25 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | ||
| Lupus anticoagulanta | 44 (10.3) | 43 (10.4) | 1 (8.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Current medications | ||||||
| Methotrexate | 27 (6.2) | 27 (6.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 403 (92.2) | 391 (92.0) | 12 (100.0) | 0.611 | ||
| Tacrolimus | 32 (8.6) | 36 (8.5) | 3 (25.0) | 0.082 | ||
| Azathioprine | 74 (16.9) | 71 (16.7) | 3 (25.0) | 0.436 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 71 (16.2) | 69 (16.2) | 2 (16.7) | 1.000 | ||
| Corticosteroid | 357 (81.7) | 345 (81.2) | 12 (100.0) | 0.135 | ||
| Corticosteroid, mg/day | 5.0 (3.7–7.5) | 5.0 (3.7–7.5) | 7.5 (3.1–7.5) | 0.609 | ||
| Anti-hypertension drug | 30 (6.9) | 29 (6.8) | 1 (8.3) | 0.838 | ||
| Anti-lipid drug | 25 (5.7) | 24 (2.6) | 1 (8.3) | 0.693 | ||
Data was described as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
BMI = body mass index, SELENA-SLEDAI = Safety of estrogen in lupus erythematosus national assessment-systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index, SDI = Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index.
aThere are missing data for smoker (n = 68), alcoholic (n = 67), complement 3 (n = 1), complement 4 (n = 1), anti-Sm antibody (n = 5), anti-dsDNA antibody (n = 1), anti-Ro antibody (n = 4), anti-La antibody (n = 4), anti-RNP antibody (n = 8), anti-cardiolipin antibody (n = 14), anti-β2GPI antibody (n = 14), and lupus anticoagulant (n = 10).