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. 2020 May 25;11:468. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00468

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Copyright © 2020 McDonald, Hanft, Robinett, Guglin and Campbell.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Experimental design. (A) Tissue was procured as part of the University of Kentucky Heart Transplant program and Biobank program. Mid-wall myocardial samples of distal anterior left ventricular free wall were dissected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -150°C before shipping to the University of Missouri. Single human permeabilized cardiac myocyte preparations were mounted between a force transducer and a motor, and contractile properties were measured during maximal and sub-maximal Ca²⁺ activations at long (∼2.25 μm) and short sarcomere lengths (∼1.95 μm). (B) Representative force redevelopment and loaded shortening traces from a human permeabilized cardiac myocyte preparation.