TABLE 3.

Most promising advantages and disadvantages of GMs applications.

Advantages	Disadvantages	References
(1) Conductivity: GMs can act as a superior electrical conductivity enables as a supercapacitor to power up the biomedical devices such as wearable or implantable devices	The presence of GMs can cause an imbalance of the environment such as pH lowering and causing inflammatory response	Hamzah et al., 2017; Reina et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2019
(2) Mechanical: GMs can confer excellent mechanical properties which enable sustained proliferation, proper adhesion an enhanced differentiation for hard tissue such as bone	The presence of GMs can modify the physical-chemical properties of the bulk material thus influencing its response to the environment	Reina et al., 2017; Priyadarsini et al., 2018
(3) Antibacterial: GMs hold a wide-range activity and can be used for both antibacterial and antiviral application	The GMs activity is not targeted toward specific receptors or pathways, so resistance can be developed by bacteria after long exposure	Ye et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2017; Valentini et al., 2019; Xia et al., 2019
(4) Detection: GMs ultra-sensitivity can strongly enhance biosensors efficacy for thermal or optical signals detection	GMs ultra-sensitivity can somehow interfere with detected signals and their use get up a lot the productive costs	He et al., 2010; Mo et al., 2015; Peña-Bahamonde et al., 2018
(5) Water decontamination: GMs can be used for industrial water treatment to remove ions bacteria and other contaminants	GMs are more effective than other decontamination agents but much more expensive	Wei et al., 2018