Table 1.
Main descriptive elements obtained from observation of two profiles per each cropping system: integrated (INT), traditional organic (ORG) and innovative organic (ORG+) cropping systems, FieldLab-DSA3 (Papiano, Central Italy). For symbols see legend.
| Landform: plain; Altitude: 162 m a.s.l.; Parent material: fluvial and lacustrine sediments; Soil: fine, mixed, mesic Typic Haplustept (Soil Survey Staff, 2014). | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depth cm | Coloura | Structureb | Rootsc | Boundaryd | Other observations | |
| Soil under integrated system (INT) | ||||||
| Ap1 | 0-14/15 | 10YR 4/4 | 2m sbk | 0 | cs | Skeleton (by volume): 5%; with a diameter of up to 10 cm |
| Ap2 | 14/15-22/27 | 10YR 4/6 | 1f-m sbk | 0 | cw | Skeleton (by volume): 2%; with a diameter < 0.5 cm |
| Bw1 | 22/27-40/43 | 10YR 4/6 | 1f sbk | 0 | cs | Skeleton (by volume): < 2% |
| Bw2 | 40/43-73/76 | 10YR 4/6 | 2f sbk | 0 | cs | Skeleton (by volume): 5% |
| BC | 73/76-106+ | 10YR 10/8 | 1f sbk | v1 | - | Skeleton (by volume): 5% |
| Soil under traditional organic system (ORG) | ||||||
| Ap1 | 0-12 | 10YR 3/6 | 3f sbk | 1vf,f | cs | Skeleton (by volume): <5%, with a diameter of up to 2 cm |
| Ap2 | 12-24 | 10YR 3/6 | 2m-c sbk | 1vf,f | cw | Skeleton (by volume): 1%; with a diameter < 0.5 cm |
| Bw1 | 24-42/44 | 10YR 4/6 | 3f-m sbk | 1vf,f | cs | Skeleton (by volume): 0% |
| Bw2 | 42/44-61/62 | 10YR 4/4 | 1m sbk | 0 | cw | Skeleton (by volume): 0% |
| BC | 61/62-101+ | 10YR 5/6 | 1m-c sbk | 0 | - | Skeleton (by volume): 0% |
| Soil under innovative organic system (ORG+) | ||||||
| Oi | 1-0 | |||||
| Ap1 | 0-6/7 | 10YR 4/4 | 3f sbk | 3 f,m | cw | Skeleton (by volume): 0%; Signs of compression evidenced by the presence of a superficial crust (0.5 cm) that breaks horizontally. |
| Ap2 | 6/7-17/16 | 10YR 4/4 | 1m sbk | 3 f,m | cw | Skeleton (by volume): < 1% |
| Ap3 | 16/17-30 | 10YR 4/6 | 1m sbk | 2 vf,f | cs | Skeleton (by volume): < 1% |
| 10YR 4/3 | ||||||
| Bw1 | 30-50/51 | 10YR 5/6 | 2f abk | 1 f | cs | Skeleton (by volume): 0% |
| 10YR 4/4 | ||||||
| Bw2 | 50/51-64/70 | 10YR 5/8 | 2f sbk | 0 | cw | Skeleton (by volume): < 1% |
| BC | 64/70-104+ | 10YR 5/6 | 2c sbk | 0 | - | Skeleton (by volume): 10%; with a diameter < 0.5 cm |
a
moist and crushed, according to the Munsell Soil Color Charts.
b
1 = weak, 2 = moderate, 3 = strong; f = fine, m = medium, c = coarse; cr = crumb, abk = angular blocky, sbk = subangular blocky.
c
0 = absent, v1 = very few, 1 = few, 2 = plentiful, 3 = abundant; mi = micro, vf = very fine, f = fine, m = medium, co = coarse.
d
a = abrupt, c = clear; w = wavy, s = smooth.